Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control

Copertina anteriore
James R. Wertz
Springer Science & Business Media, 31 dic 1978 - 858 pagine
Roger D. Werking Head, Attitude Determination and Control Section National Aeronautics and Space Administration/ Goddard Space Flight Center Extensiye work has been done for many years in the areas of attitude determination, attitude prediction, and attitude control. During this time, it has been difficult to obtain reference material that provided a comprehensive overview of attitude support activities. This lack of reference material has made it difficult for those not intimately involved in attitude functions to become acquainted with the ideas and activities which are essential to understanding the various aspects of spacecraft attitude support. As a result, I felt the need for a document which could be used by a variety of persons to obtain an understanding of the work which has been done in support of spacecraft attitude objectives. It is believed that this book, prepared by the Computer Sciences Corporation under the able direction of Dr. James Wertz, provides this type of reference. This book can serve as a reference for individuals involved in mission planning, attitude determination, and attitude dynamics; an introductory textbook for stu dents and professionals starting in this field; an information source for experimen ters or others involved in spacecraft-related work who need information on spacecraft orientation and how it is determined, but who have neither the time nor the resources to pursue the varied literature on this subject; and a tool for encouraging those who could expand this discipline to do so, because much remains to be done to satisfy future needs.
 

Sommario

INTRODUCTION
1
11 Representative Mission Profile
3
12 Representative Examples of Attitude Determination and Control
10
13 Methods of Attitude Determination and Control
16
14 Time Measurements
18
ATTITUDE GEOMETRY
22
22 Coordinate Systems
24
23 Elementary Spherical Geometry
31
111 Methods for Spinning Spacecraft
363
112 Solution Averaging
370
113 SingleAxis Attitude Determination Accuracy
373
114 Geometrical Limitations on SingleAxis Attitude Accuracy
389
115 Altitude Uncertainty Due to Systematic Errors
402
THREEAXIS ATTITUDE DETERMINATION METHODS
410
122 ThreeAxis Attitude Determination
420
123 Covariance Analysis
429

SUMMARY OF ORBIT PROPERTIES AND TERMINOLOGY
36
32 Planetary and Lunar Orbits
48
33 Spacecraft Orbits
52
34 Orbit Perturbations
62
35 Viewing and Lighting Conditions
71
MODELING THE EARTH
82
41 Appearance of the Earth at Visual Wavelengths
83
42 Appearance of the Earth at Infrared Wavelengths
90
43 Earth Oblateness Modeling
98
44 Modeling the Structure of the Upper Atmosphere
106
MODELING THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT
113
52 The Earths Gravitational Field
123
53 Solar Radiation and The Solar Wind
129
54 Modeling the Position of the Spacecraft
132
55 Modeling the Positions of the Sun Moon and Planets
138
56 Modeling Stellar Positions and Characteristics
143
ATTITUDE HARDWARE AND DATA ACQUISITION
153
ATTITUDE HARDWARE
155
62 Horizon Sensors
166
63 Magnetometers
180
64 Star Sensors
184
65 Gyroscopes
196
66 Momentum and Reaction Wheels
201
67 Magnetic Coils
204
68 Gas Jets
206
69 Onboard Computers
210
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ATTITUDE HARDWARE
217
71 Sun Sensor Models
218
72 Horizon Sensor Models
230
73 Sun SensorHorizon Sensor Rotation Angle Models
237
74 Modeling Sensor Electronics
242
75 Magnetometer Models
249
76 Star Sensor Models
254
77 Star Identification Techniques
259
78 Gyroscope Models
266
79 Reaction Wheel Models
270
710 Modeling GasJet Control Systems
272
DATA TRANSMISSION AND PREPROCESSING
278
82 Spacecraft Telemetry
293
83 Time Tagging
298
84 Telemetry Processors
304
DATA VALIDATION AND ADJUSTMENT
310
91 Validation of Discrete Telemetry Data
312
92 Data Validation and Smoothing
315
93 Scalar Checking
328
94 Data Selection Requiring Attitude Information
334
GEOMETRICAL BASIS OF ATTITUDE DETERMINATION
343
101 SingleAxis Attitude
344
102 ArcLength Measurements
346
103 Rotation Angle Measurements
349
104 Correlation Angles
353
105 Compound MeasurementsSunto Earth Horizon Crossing Rotation Angle
357
106 ThreeAxis Attitude
359
SINGLEAXIS ATTITUDE DETERMINATION METHODS
362
STATE ESTIMATION ATTITUDE DETERMINATION METHODS
436
132 State Vectors
438
133 Observation Models
443
134 Introduction to Estimation Theory
447
135 Recursive LeastSquares Estimators and Kalman Filters
459
EVALUATION AND USE OF STATE ESTIMATORS
471
142 Operational Bias Determination
473
143 Limitations on State Vector Observability
476
ATTITUDE DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
485
INTRODUCTION TO ATTITUDE DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
487
152 Response to Torques
498
153 Introduction to Attitude Control
502
ATTITUDE DYNAMICS
510
162 Motion of a Rigid Spacecraft
523
163 Spacecraft Nutation
534
164 Flexible Spacecraft Dynamics
548
ATTITUDE PREDICTION
558
172 Environmental Torques
566
173 Modeling Internal Torques
576
174 Modeling Torques Due to Orbit Maneuvers
580
ATTITUDE STABILIZATION
588
182 Momentum and Reaction Wheels
600
183 Autonomous Attitude Stabilization Systems
604
184 Nutation and Libration Damping
625
ATTITUDE MANEUVER CONTROL
636
192 Spin Plane Magnetic Coil Maneuvers
642
193 Gas Jet Maneuvers
649
194 Inertial Guidance Maneuvers
655
195 Attitude Acquisition
661
MISSION SUPPORT
679
SOFTWARE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
681
202 Use of Graphic Support Systems
686
203 Utility Subroutines
690
SOFTWARE SYSTEM STRUCTURE
696
212 Communications Technology Satellite Attitude Support System
700
213 Star Sensor Attitude Determination Systems
703
214 Attitude Data Simulators
709
DISCUSSION
714
APPENDICES
725
SPHERICAL GEOMETRY
727
CONSTRUCTION OF GLOBAL GEOMETRY PLOTS
737
MATRIX AND VECTOR ALGEBRA
744
QUATERNIONS
758
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
760
THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
767
SPHERICAL HARMONICS
775
MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS
779
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
787
TIME MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
798
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
807
SOLAR SYSTEM CONSTANTS
814
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
826
INDEX
830
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