Spacecraft Attitude Determination and ControlJames R. Wertz Springer Science & Business Media, 31 dic 1978 - 858 pagine Roger D. Werking Head, Attitude Determination and Control Section National Aeronautics and Space Administration/ Goddard Space Flight Center Extensiye work has been done for many years in the areas of attitude determination, attitude prediction, and attitude control. During this time, it has been difficult to obtain reference material that provided a comprehensive overview of attitude support activities. This lack of reference material has made it difficult for those not intimately involved in attitude functions to become acquainted with the ideas and activities which are essential to understanding the various aspects of spacecraft attitude support. As a result, I felt the need for a document which could be used by a variety of persons to obtain an understanding of the work which has been done in support of spacecraft attitude objectives. It is believed that this book, prepared by the Computer Sciences Corporation under the able direction of Dr. James Wertz, provides this type of reference. This book can serve as a reference for individuals involved in mission planning, attitude determination, and attitude dynamics; an introductory textbook for stu dents and professionals starting in this field; an information source for experimen ters or others involved in spacecraft-related work who need information on spacecraft orientation and how it is determined, but who have neither the time nor the resources to pursue the varied literature on this subject; and a tool for encouraging those who could expand this discipline to do so, because much remains to be done to satisfy future needs. |
Sommario
INTRODUCTION | 1 |
11 Representative Mission Profile | 3 |
12 Representative Examples of Attitude Determination and Control | 10 |
13 Methods of Attitude Determination and Control | 16 |
14 Time Measurements | 18 |
ATTITUDE GEOMETRY | 22 |
22 Coordinate Systems | 24 |
23 Elementary Spherical Geometry | 31 |
111 Methods for Spinning Spacecraft | 363 |
112 Solution Averaging | 370 |
113 SingleAxis Attitude Determination Accuracy | 373 |
114 Geometrical Limitations on SingleAxis Attitude Accuracy | 389 |
115 Altitude Uncertainty Due to Systematic Errors | 402 |
THREEAXIS ATTITUDE DETERMINATION METHODS | 410 |
122 ThreeAxis Attitude Determination | 420 |
123 Covariance Analysis | 429 |
SUMMARY OF ORBIT PROPERTIES AND TERMINOLOGY | 36 |
32 Planetary and Lunar Orbits | 48 |
33 Spacecraft Orbits | 52 |
34 Orbit Perturbations | 62 |
35 Viewing and Lighting Conditions | 71 |
MODELING THE EARTH | 82 |
41 Appearance of the Earth at Visual Wavelengths | 83 |
42 Appearance of the Earth at Infrared Wavelengths | 90 |
43 Earth Oblateness Modeling | 98 |
44 Modeling the Structure of the Upper Atmosphere | 106 |
MODELING THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT | 113 |
52 The Earths Gravitational Field | 123 |
53 Solar Radiation and The Solar Wind | 129 |
54 Modeling the Position of the Spacecraft | 132 |
55 Modeling the Positions of the Sun Moon and Planets | 138 |
56 Modeling Stellar Positions and Characteristics | 143 |
ATTITUDE HARDWARE AND DATA ACQUISITION | 153 |
ATTITUDE HARDWARE | 155 |
62 Horizon Sensors | 166 |
63 Magnetometers | 180 |
64 Star Sensors | 184 |
65 Gyroscopes | 196 |
66 Momentum and Reaction Wheels | 201 |
67 Magnetic Coils | 204 |
68 Gas Jets | 206 |
69 Onboard Computers | 210 |
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ATTITUDE HARDWARE | 217 |
71 Sun Sensor Models | 218 |
72 Horizon Sensor Models | 230 |
73 Sun SensorHorizon Sensor Rotation Angle Models | 237 |
74 Modeling Sensor Electronics | 242 |
75 Magnetometer Models | 249 |
76 Star Sensor Models | 254 |
77 Star Identification Techniques | 259 |
78 Gyroscope Models | 266 |
79 Reaction Wheel Models | 270 |
710 Modeling GasJet Control Systems | 272 |
DATA TRANSMISSION AND PREPROCESSING | 278 |
82 Spacecraft Telemetry | 293 |
83 Time Tagging | 298 |
84 Telemetry Processors | 304 |
DATA VALIDATION AND ADJUSTMENT | 310 |
91 Validation of Discrete Telemetry Data | 312 |
92 Data Validation and Smoothing | 315 |
93 Scalar Checking | 328 |
94 Data Selection Requiring Attitude Information | 334 |
GEOMETRICAL BASIS OF ATTITUDE DETERMINATION | 343 |
101 SingleAxis Attitude | 344 |
102 ArcLength Measurements | 346 |
103 Rotation Angle Measurements | 349 |
104 Correlation Angles | 353 |
105 Compound MeasurementsSunto Earth Horizon Crossing Rotation Angle | 357 |
106 ThreeAxis Attitude | 359 |
SINGLEAXIS ATTITUDE DETERMINATION METHODS | 362 |
STATE ESTIMATION ATTITUDE DETERMINATION METHODS | 436 |
132 State Vectors | 438 |
133 Observation Models | 443 |
134 Introduction to Estimation Theory | 447 |
135 Recursive LeastSquares Estimators and Kalman Filters | 459 |
EVALUATION AND USE OF STATE ESTIMATORS | 471 |
142 Operational Bias Determination | 473 |
143 Limitations on State Vector Observability | 476 |
ATTITUDE DYNAMICS AND CONTROL | 485 |
INTRODUCTION TO ATTITUDE DYNAMICS AND CONTROL | 487 |
152 Response to Torques | 498 |
153 Introduction to Attitude Control | 502 |
ATTITUDE DYNAMICS | 510 |
162 Motion of a Rigid Spacecraft | 523 |
163 Spacecraft Nutation | 534 |
164 Flexible Spacecraft Dynamics | 548 |
ATTITUDE PREDICTION | 558 |
172 Environmental Torques | 566 |
173 Modeling Internal Torques | 576 |
174 Modeling Torques Due to Orbit Maneuvers | 580 |
ATTITUDE STABILIZATION | 588 |
182 Momentum and Reaction Wheels | 600 |
183 Autonomous Attitude Stabilization Systems | 604 |
184 Nutation and Libration Damping | 625 |
ATTITUDE MANEUVER CONTROL | 636 |
192 Spin Plane Magnetic Coil Maneuvers | 642 |
193 Gas Jet Maneuvers | 649 |
194 Inertial Guidance Maneuvers | 655 |
195 Attitude Acquisition | 661 |
MISSION SUPPORT | 679 |
SOFTWARE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT | 681 |
202 Use of Graphic Support Systems | 686 |
203 Utility Subroutines | 690 |
SOFTWARE SYSTEM STRUCTURE | 696 |
212 Communications Technology Satellite Attitude Support System | 700 |
213 Star Sensor Attitude Determination Systems | 703 |
214 Attitude Data Simulators | 709 |
DISCUSSION | 714 |
APPENDICES | 725 |
SPHERICAL GEOMETRY | 727 |
CONSTRUCTION OF GLOBAL GEOMETRY PLOTS | 737 |
MATRIX AND VECTOR ALGEBRA | 744 |
QUATERNIONS | 758 |
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS | 760 |
THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM | 767 |
SPHERICAL HARMONICS | 775 |
MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS | 779 |
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE DETERMINATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS | 787 |
TIME MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS | 798 |
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS | 807 |
SOLAR SYSTEM CONSTANTS | 814 |
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS | 826 |
830 | |
Altre edizioni - Visualizza tutto
Parole e frasi comuni
accuracy angular momentum approximately attitude control attitude determination attitude sensors attitude solutions attitude uncertainty axes azimuth bias body catalog celestial sphere circle components cone constant control system coordinate system correlation angle damping defined density described in Section dynamics Earth Ephemeris error estimate Euler Euler angle example frame function geometry given gravity-gradient gyro hardware horizon sensor inertial space jets Kalman filter magnetic field magnetometer magnitude maneuver matrix method mission moment of inertia momentum wheel Moon nadir angle NASA normal nutation obtained onboard operator orbit orientation output parameters pitch plane position procedure processing radiation radius reaction wheels reference vectors relative right ascension rotation angle satellite scanner semimajor axis shown in Fig slit solar spacecraft spacecraft attitude spherical triangle spin axis spin rate stabilized star sensor star tracker Sun angle Sun sensor Table telemetry three-axis thruster tion torque velocity zero