WO2006087630A2 - OXYPYRAZOLE HMG Co-A REDUCTASE INHIBITORS - Google Patents

OXYPYRAZOLE HMG Co-A REDUCTASE INHIBITORS Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006087630A2
WO2006087630A2 PCT/IB2006/000334 IB2006000334W WO2006087630A2 WO 2006087630 A2 WO2006087630 A2 WO 2006087630A2 IB 2006000334 W IB2006000334 W IB 2006000334W WO 2006087630 A2 WO2006087630 A2 WO 2006087630A2
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Prior art keywords
isopropyl
pyrazol
dihydroxy
yloxy
phenyl
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PCT/IB2006/000334
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French (fr)
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WO2006087630A3 (en
Inventor
Toni-Jo Poel
Scott Douglas Larsen
Jeffrey Allen Pfefferkorn
Jeffrey Thomas Kohrt
Kevin James Filipski
Roderick Joseph Sorenson
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Warner-Lambert Company Llc
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Publication of WO2006087630A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006087630A2/en
Publication of WO2006087630A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006087630A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
    • C07D231/20—One oxygen atom attached in position 3 or 5
    • C07D231/22—One oxygen atom attached in position 3 or 5 with aryl radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • High levels of blood cholesterol and blood lipids are conditions involved in the onset of atherosclerosis.
  • the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is an early and rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. This step is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
  • HMG-CoA reductase It is known that inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase are effective in lowering the blood plasma level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), in man. (cf. M.S. Brown and J.L. Goldstein, New England Journal of Medicine, 305, No. 9, 515-517 (1981)). It has been established that lowering LDL-C levels affords protection from coronary heart disease (cf. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251 , No. 3, 351-374 (1984)).
  • LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • statins interfere with and/or inhibit HMG-CoA reductase from catalyzing the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate.
  • statins are collectively potent lipid lowering agents.
  • statins are the drugs of first choice for management of many lipid disorders.
  • One representative statin is atorvastatin.
  • Atorvastatin and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are selective, competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase.
  • atorvastatin calcium is a potent lipid lowering compound and is thus useful as a hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic agent, as well as in the treatment of osteoporosis, BPH, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
  • atorvastatin A number of patents have issued disclosing atorvastatin. These include: United States Patent Numbers 4,681 ,893; 5,273,995 and 5,969,156, which are incorporated herein by reference. Other representative statins include lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin.
  • Statin drugs share many features, but also exhibit differences in pharmacologic attributes that may contribute to differences in clinical utility and effectiveness in modifying lipid risk factors for coronary heart disease. (Clin. Cardiol. BoI. 26 (Suppl. Ill), III-32-III-38 (2003)).
  • statin having a combination of desirable properties including (i) potent reversible inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, (ii) the ability to produce large reductions in LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), (iii) the ability to increase HDL cholesterol (HDL- C), (iv) relative hydrophilicity, (v) tissue selectivity (e.g., selectivity of effect or uptake in hepatic cells through selective organic ion transport), (vi) optimal pharmacokinetics or systemic bioavailability so as to minimize any potential risk of systemic adverse effects, while at the same time having enough systemic availability so that any pleiotropic effects can be observed in the vasculature with statin treatment, (vii) availability of once a day dosing, (viii) a low potential for drug-drug interactions, (ix) the ability to lower circulating very-low-density-lipoprotein (V
  • the present invention relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful as hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic agents. More specifically, the present invention concerns certain potent inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase ("HMG CoA reductase"). The invention further relates to methods of using such compounds and compositions to treat subjects, including humans, suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis.
  • HMG CoA reductase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
  • the present invention provides a compound of the formula (I):
  • Ri is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 7 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; more specifically, R 1 is C 1 -C 7 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl; even more specifically, R 1 is isopropyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R-i is optionally substituted as defined for, each of these groups below;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, C 1 -C 7 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, NC-, R 2b R 2a NCO(CH 2 ) n -, R 2b R 2a NS(O) n -, R 20 S(O) n -, R 2b R 2a N(CH 2 ) n -, R 2b -J-C(O)NR 2a (CH 2 ) n -, R 2b -J- SO 2 NR 2a (CH 2 ) n -, R 2b -J-SONR 2a (CH 2 ) n , R'OOC(CH 2 ) n -, or R'C0(CH 2 ) n -; more specifically, R 2 is R 2b R 2a NCO(CH 2 ) n -; even more specifically, R 2 is R 2b R 2a NCO-;
  • J is a direct bond, O, or N;
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl(CH 2 ) n - aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; more specifically, R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, C r C 7 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; even more specifically, R 2a and R 2b are each independently hydrogen, methyl or benzyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl of R 2a and R 2b is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below; or R 2a and R 2b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-11 member saturated or unsaturated, mono- or polycyclic ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted with
  • R 20 is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R 20 is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below;
  • R and R" are each independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; where alkyl, aryl or aralkyl of R' and R" is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below;
  • n 0, 1 or 2; more specifically, n is 0 or 1 ; even more specifically, n is 0; and
  • R 3 is hydrogen, C 1 - S alkyl, C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; more specifically, R 3 is aryl; even more specifically, R 3 is phenyl or p-fluorophenyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R 3 is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below; and
  • the present invention provides a compound of the following (3R, 5S) stereospecific formula
  • R 2a , R 2b , and n are each as set forth above.
  • the invention further provides a compound of formula (II), as set forth above, wherein R 2a is:
  • R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; q is 0, 1 or 2; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; and p is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is 0; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
  • the invention further provides a (3R, 5S) stereospecific compound of formula (Ha): -A-
  • R 7 is alkyl
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are each as defined above.
  • the invention further provides a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention further provides a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention further provides a compound selected from the group consisting of: (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-phenyl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
  • the invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle, each as described herein.
  • the invention further provides a combination of a compound of the invention and another pharmaceutically active agent, each as described herein.
  • a pharmaceutical compostion comprising the aforementioned combination and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle, each as described herein, is also provided by the invention.
  • the invention further provides a method of preparation of a compound, pharmaceutical composition or combination of the invention, each as described herein.
  • the invention still further provides a method of treating a subject suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, pharmaceutical composition or combination of the invention, each as described herein, to the subject in need thereof.
  • the invention still further provides the use of a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination of the invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a subject suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
  • R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or joined together to form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S; or N, R' and R" taken together form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S.
  • lower alkyl refers to a subset of alkyl which means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl and the like.
  • lower alkyl is referred to as "C 1 -C 7 alkyl.”
  • the lower alkyl group may also be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited for the term "alkyl”.
  • alkenyl as used herein means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical from 2 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one double bond and includes, for example, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2- propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3- hexenyl, 3-heptenyl, l-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 1-undecenyl, 1-dodecenyl, and the like.
  • the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited for the term "alkyl".
  • alkynyl as used herein means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one triple bond and includes, for example, 3-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 3- butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 3-methyl-3-butynyl, 1-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 3-heptynyl, I- octynyl, 1 -nonynyl, 1-decynyl, 1-undecynyl, 1-dodecynyl, and the like.
  • the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited for the term "alkyl".
  • alkylene refers to a divalent group derived from a straighfcor branched chain saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms by the removal of two hydrogen atoms, for example methylene, 1 ,2-ethylene, 1 ,1 -ethylene, 1 ,3-propylene, 2,2- dimethylpropylene, and the like.
  • substituents selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, -O(CH 2 ) 0 - 2 CF 3
  • Useful alkylene groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 6 alkylene). Examples include, but are not limited to, methylene (-CH 2 -), ethylene (-CH 2 CH 2 -), propylene (-(CH 2 ) 3 -), and the like.
  • halogen or halo as used herein refers to fluorine or fluoro, chlorine or chloro, bromine or bromo and iodine or iodo.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein at least one of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced with a halo group, each as defined above (e.g., -CF 3 ).
  • haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group (i.e., -O-alkyl) wherein at least one of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced with a halo group, each as defined herein (e.g., -OCF 3 ).
  • heteroatom as used herein represents oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur (O, N, or S) as well as sulfoxyl or sulfonyl (SO or SO 2 ) unless otherwise indicated.
  • hydrocarbon chain refers to a straight hydrocarbon of from 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • lower alkoxy and “lower thioalkoxy” as used herein refers to -O-alkyl or -S-alkyl of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms as defined above for “lower alkyl.”
  • aryl refers to a C 5 -C 14 mono-, bi- or polycarbocyclic aromatic ring system which is optionally substituted by at least one substituent selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, halogen, -0(CH 2 )o- 2 CF 3 , -Oaryl, -OSO 2 R', nitro, cyano, -OH, -SH, -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -C ⁇ 2 (CrC ⁇ )alkyl, -NR'R", -NR 1 SO 2 R", -NR'CONR'R", -SO ⁇ alkyl, S0 1-2 aryl, -SO 2 NR 1 R",
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, A- chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-4-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-5-methylphenyl, 3- chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 5- chloro-2-methylphenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 2,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, and the like.
  • aralkyl as used herein means aryl, as defined above, attached to an alkyl group, as defined above. Linkage to the rest of the molecule may be through either the aryl or alkyl portion of the aralkyl moiety.
  • the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted by at least one of the substituents recited above for "alkyl” and "aryl". Examples of aralkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, tolyl, and the like.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aryl group, as defined above, containing one or more heteroatoms, as defined above.
  • the heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited above for "aryl”.
  • heteroaryl examples include, but are not limited to thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazoyl, pyrazinyl, oxazoly!, thiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, I- imidazolyl, 2- imidazolyl, 4- imidazolyl, 5- imidazolyl, I- pyrazolyl, 3- pyrazolyl, 4- pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2- thiazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 3- isothiazolyl, 4- isothiazolyl, 5-isothiazolyl, 2- oxazolyl, 4- oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3- isoxazolyl, A- isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazo
  • heteroaralkyl refers to heteroaryl, as defined above, attached to an aikyl group, as defined above. Linkage to the rest of the molecule can be either through the heteroaryi or the alkyl portion of the heteroaralkyl moiety.
  • the heteroaralkyl may be optionally substituted with at least one of those substituents recited above for “alkyl” and “heteroaryl”.
  • heterocycle refers to a saturated mono-, bi- or polycyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. The heterocycle may be optionally substituted with at least one of those substituents recited above for "alkylene".
  • heterocycles include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, I- piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, 2- morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, 4-morpholinyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, aziridinyl, , thietanyl, oxetaryl, and the like.
  • ring as used herein includes heteroaryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl or aryl, each as defined above, and further includes fused, monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic permutations thereof.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated cyclic C 3 -Ci 2 alkyl group, where alkyl is as defined above.
  • suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloctyl, decalinyl, norpinanyl, or adamantyl.
  • the cycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted by with at least one of those substituents recited above for "alkyl” or "alkylene".
  • substituted cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, fluorocyclopropyl, 2-iodocyclobutyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, 2,2-dimethoxycyclohexyl, 3- phenylcyclopentyl, and the like.
  • treating or “treatment” refers to curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment, including reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
  • stereoisomer refers to both geometric ⁇ e,g., cis and trans isomers) and/or optical isomers ⁇ e.g., R and S enantiomers) of a compound of the invention. Racemic, enantiomeric, diastereomeric and epimeric mixtures of such isomers are contemplated by the present invention.
  • compound of the invention or “compounds of the invention” includes the compound itself as well as its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, as well as other embodiments described herein.
  • RT or rt means room temperature.
  • MP means melting point.
  • MS means mass spectroscopy.
  • TLC means thin layer chromatography. [S]at. means saturated. [C]onc. means concentrated.
  • TBIA means [(4R,6R)-6-(2- Amino-ethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-yl]-acetic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • DCM means dichloromethane, which is used interchangeably with methylene chloride.
  • NBS means ⁇ /-Bromosuccinimide.
  • "h” means hour, "v/v” means volume ratio or "volume per volume”.
  • R f means retention factor.
  • Ac 2 O means acetic anhydride.
  • tT]rifluorotol.” Or “TFT” means trifluorotoluene.
  • DMF means dimethylformamide.
  • DCE means dichloroethane.
  • Bu means butyl.
  • Me means methyl.
  • Et means ethyl.
  • DBU means 1 ,8-Diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7- ene.
  • 'TBS means 'TBDMS” or tert-Butyldimethylsilyl.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • 'TBAF means tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
  • THF means tetrahydrofuran.
  • NBuIi or BuIi means n-butyl lithium.
  • TFA means trifluoroacetic acid.
  • i-Pr means isopropyl. [M]n means minutes, ml or ml_ means milliliter. "M” or “m” means molar.
  • Bn means benzyl.
  • PyBOP means bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
  • OtBu means t-butoxy.
  • PS-DIEA polystyrene-bound diisopropylethylamine.
  • PS-NCO polystyrene-bound isocyanate resin.
  • Ph phenyl.
  • hydrolysis means the cleaving of a chemical bond by hydrogen.
  • EDCI or “EDC” means 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbondiimide hydrochloride.
  • NMP means 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount of a compound of the present invention that when administered to a patient treats a symptom of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary from subject to subject and will be determined on a case by case basis. Factors to consider include, but are not limited to, the subject being treated, weight, health, compound administered, etc.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug refers to those acid addition salts, base addition salts, esters, amides, hydrates, stereoisomers, and prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like.
  • alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like
  • non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to.ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like.
  • the free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base. While the free base may differ from the salt form in terms of physical properties, such as solubility, the salts are equivalent to their respective free bases for the purposes of the present invention.
  • esters of the compounds of the invention include Ci-C 6 alkyl esters wherein the alkyl group is a straight or branched chain. Acceptable esters also include C 5 -C 7 cycloalkyl esters as well as aralkyl esters such as, but not limited to, benzyl. CrC 4 alkyl esters are preferred. Esters of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic amides of the compounds of the invention include amides derived from ammonia, primary (CrC 6 )alkyl amines and secondary di- (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl amines wherein the alkyl groups are straight or branched chain.
  • the amine may also be in the form of a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom.
  • Amides derived from ammonia, C 1 -C 3 alkyl primary amines and C 1 -C 2 dialkyl secondary amines are preferred.
  • Amides of the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.
  • Prodrugs are intended to include any covalently bonded carrier which releases the active parent drug according to Formulae I, Ia, II, Ha, and IV in vivo. Further, the term “prodrug” refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formulae, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro- drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetates, formates, benzoate derivatives of alcohols, and amines present in compounds of the invention. In some situations, compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers of a compound of the invention are encompassed by the present invention.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated form as well as solvated form including hydrated form. In general, the solvated form including hydrated form is equivalent to the unsolvated form and is intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • Certain of the compounds of the present invention possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration. For example, compounds of formulae (Ia) and (Ha) are shown with a (3R, 5S) configuration. Also envisioned are compounds having a (3S, 5S), (3S, 5R) or (3R, 5R) configuration. If a compound of the invention further contains another chiral center(s), then that center(s) could independently have either an R or S configuration.
  • the present invention includes all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Such stereoisomers may be obtained, if desired, by methods known in the art including, for example, the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns and by chiral synthesis.
  • the compounds of the present invention are suitable to be administered to a patient or subject for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient/subject alone, or another compound of the invention, or as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention contains at least one compound of the invention and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle may be any such carrier known in the art including those described in, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985).
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared by conventional means known in the art including, for example, mixing at least one compound of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a composition of the invention can be administered to a patient/subject either orally, rectally, parenterally (intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously), intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, intravesically, locally (powders, ointments, or drops), or as a buccal or nasal spray.
  • compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain additives such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents.
  • additives such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example sugars, sodium chloride, and the like.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active compound is admixed with at least one (a) inert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate; (b) fillers or extenders, as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (c) binders, as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia; (d) humectants, as for example, glycerol; (e) disintegrating agents, as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates, and sodium carbonate; (f) solution retarders, as for example paraffin; (g) absorption accelerators, as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds; (h)
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols, and the like.
  • Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well-known in the art. They may contain opacifying agents, and can also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner.
  • Examples of embedding compositions which can be used are polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1 ,3-butyIeneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents,
  • the composition can also include additives, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • additives such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
  • suspending agents as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
  • compositions for rectal administrations are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of the present invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
  • Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, powders, sprays, and inhalants.
  • the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a physiologically acceptable carrier and any preservatives, buffers, or propellants as may be required.
  • Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient at dosage levels in the range of about 0.1 to about 2,000 mg per day.
  • dosage levels in the range of about 0.1 to about 2,000 mg per day.
  • a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day is preferable.
  • the specific dosage used can vary from patient to patient.
  • the dosage can depend on a numbers of factors including the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the pharmacological activity of the compound being used. The determination of optimum dosages for a particular patient is well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used either alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent described herein, in the treatment of the following diseases/conditions: dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disorders, angina, ischemia, cardiac ischemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, angioplastic restenosis, hypertension, diabetes and vascular complications of diabetes, obesity, unstable angina pectoris, Alzheimer's Disease, BPH, osteoporosis, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmia, pulmonary vascular disease, renal-vascular disease, renal disease, vascular hemostatic disease, autoimmune disorders, pulmonary_disease, sexual dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, cancer, organ transplant rejection, psoriasis, endometriosis, and macular degeneration.
  • a combination of the invention may be part of a pharmaceutical composition further containing a pharmaceutically active carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle,
  • a suitable pharmaceutically active agent examples include a CETP inhibitor, a PPAR- activator, an MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, HDL-cholesterol raising agent, triglyceride lowering agent, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, a cholesterol modulating agent, a fibrate, niacin, an ion-exchange resin, an antioxidant, an ACAT inhibitor, or bile acid sequestrant; an anti-hypertensive agent; an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, an anti-diabetic compound, an anti-obesity compound, a thyromimetic agent, an anti-resorptive agent, an anti-osteoporosis agent, an antihypertensive agent, or a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Specific examples of each of these agents include those known in the art as well as those specificed below.
  • both the compounds of the invention and the other drug therapies are administered to mammals by conventional methods.
  • the following discussion more specifically describes the various combination aspects of this invention.
  • Any cholesterol absorption inhibitor known in the art with the ability of a compound to prevent cholesterol contained within the lumen of the intestine from entering into the intestinal cells and/or passing from within the intestinal cells into the blood stream may be used.
  • Such cholesterol absorption inhibition activity is readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., J. Lipid Res. (1993) 34: 377-395). Examples include, but are not limited to, ZETIATM as well as the cholesterol absorption inhibitors described in WO 94/00480.
  • CETP cholesterol ester transfer protein
  • HDL high density lipoproteins
  • LDL low density lipoproteins
  • VLDL very low density lipoproteins
  • chylomicrons a cholesterol ester transfer protein
  • CETP inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • CETP inhibitors include the following compounds: [2R, 4S]4-[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-methoxycarbonyI-amino]-2-ethyl-6-trifIuoromethyI-3,4- dihydroxycarbonyl-aminol ⁇ -ethyl-e-trifluoromethyl-S ⁇ -dihydro ⁇ H-quinoline-i-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (TorcetrapibTM), and 3- ⁇ [3-(4-Chloro-3-ethyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-[3-(1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethoxy)- benzyl]-amino ⁇ -1 ,1 ,1 -trifiuoro-propan-2-ol.
  • an appropriate dosage form such as one comprising (1) a solid amorphous dispersion comprising a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor and an acidic concentration-enhancing polymer; and (2) an acid-sensitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, may be necessary.
  • This dosage form is more fully described in USSN 10/739,567.
  • PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
  • PPAR-alpha Three mammalian PPARs have been isolated and termed PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and PPAR-beta (also known as NUC1 or PPAR-delta). These PPARs regulate expression of target genes by binding to DNA sequence elements, termed PPAR response elements. These elements have been identified in the enhancers of a number of genes encoding proteins that regulate lipid metabolism suggesting that PPARs play a pivotal role in the adipogenic signaling cascade and lipid homeostasis.
  • PPAR-gamma receptors are associated with regulation of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels.
  • PPAR- ⁇ activators are associated with lowering plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol.
  • PPAR- ⁇ activators have been reported to both increase HDL-C levels and to decrease LDL-C levels.
  • activation of PPAR- ⁇ alone, or in combination with the simultaneous activation of PPAR- ⁇ and/or PPAR-gamma may be desirable in formulating a treatment for dyslipidemia in which HDL is increased and LDL lowered.
  • PPAR-activation is readily determined by those skilled in the art by the standard assays (e.g. US 2003/0225158 and US 2004/0157885).
  • Suitable PPAR-activator compounds include, but are not limited to, those described in US 2003/0171377, US 2003/0225158, US 2004/0157885, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,710,063. Additional examples of useful PPAR-activator compounds include the following compounds: [5-Methoxy-2-methly-4-(4'-trifluoromethly-biphenyl-4ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxy]- acetic acid; [5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-(3'-trifloromethly-biphenyl-4-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid; ⁇ -( ⁇ Fluoro-biphenyl ⁇ -ylmethylsulfanyO- ⁇ -methoxy ⁇ methyl-phenoxyl-acetic acid; ⁇ 5-Methoxy- 2methyl-4-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-benzylsulfanyl]-phenoxy
  • MTP/Apo B secretion microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and/or apolipoprotein B secretion
  • Any MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor known in the art which inhibits the secretion of triglycerides, cholesteryl ester and phospholipids may be used. Such inhibition may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Wetterau, J. R. 1992; Science 258:999).
  • suitable a MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor include, but are not limited to, imputapride (Bayer) as well as those described in WO 96/40640 and WO 98/23593.
  • Any ACAT inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the intracellular esterification of dietary cholesterol by the enzyme acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase may be used. Such inhibition may be determined readily according to standard assays, such as the method of Heider et al. described in Journal of Lipid Research. 24:1127 (1983).
  • suitable ACAT inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,379 (carboxysulfonates),WO 96/26948 and WO 96/10559 (urea derivatives). Additional examples include Avasimibe (Pfizer), CS-505 (Sankyo) and Eflucimibe (EIi Lilly and Pierre Fabre).
  • Any lipase inhibitor e.g., pancreatic lipase inhibitor, a gastric lipase inhibitor
  • Any lipase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the metabolic cleavage of dietary triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides may be used.
  • lipase inhibition activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. 286: 190-231).
  • a suitable lipase inhibitor examples include, but are not limited to, lipstatin, (2S,3S,5S,7Z,10Z)-5-[(S)-2-formamido-4-methyl-valeryloxy]-2-hexyl-3-hydro- xy- 7,10-hexadecanoic acid lactone, and tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat), (2S,3S,5S)-5-[(S)-2-formamido-4- methyl-valeryloxy]-2-hexyl-3-hydroxy-hexa- decanoic 1 ,3 acid lactone, and the variously substituted N- formylleucine derivatives and stereoisomers thereof (U.S. Pat. No.
  • Additional examples include N-3-trifluoromethylphenyl-N'-- 3-chloro-4'- trifluoromethylphenylurea, and the various urea derivatives related thereto, U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,644; esteracin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,189,438 and 4,242,453); and cyclo-O, O'-[(1 ,6-hexanediyl)-bis-(iminoc- arbonyl)]dioxime, and the various bis(iminocarbonyl)dioximes related thereto (Petersen et al., Liebig's Annalen, 562, 205-229 (1949).
  • bile acid sequestrant Any bile acid sequestrant known in the art may be used.
  • suitable bile acid sequestrants include, but are not limited to, Welchol ® , Colestid ® , LoCholest ® , Questran ® and fibric acid derivatives, such as Atromid ® , Lopid ® and Tricor ®"
  • a compound of the invention can be used in combination with an anti-diabetic compound, i.e. any compound (e.g. insulin) used in the treating diabetes (especially Type II), insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, or the like, or any of the diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy or cataracts.
  • an anti-diabetic compound include, but are not limited to, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, an aldose reductase inhibitor, a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor, a glucosidase inhibitor, and an amylase inhibitor.
  • glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the bioconversion of glycogen to glucose-1 -phosphate which is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase may be used. Such glycogen phosphorylase inhibition activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., J. Med. Chem. 41 (1998) 2934-2938). A variety of glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors are known to those skilled in the art including those described in WO 96/39384 and WO 96/39385. Any aldose reductase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the bioconversion of glucose to sorbitol catalyzed by the enzyme aldose reductase. Aldose reductase inhibition may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., J. Malone, Diabetes, 29:861-864 (1980). "Red Cell Sorbitol, an Indicator of Diabetic Control").
  • sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the bioconversion of sorbitol to fructose catalyzed by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase may be used.
  • Such sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Analyt. Biochem (2000) 280: 329-331).
  • Examples of a suitable sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,728,704 and 5,866,578.
  • glucosidase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates by glycoside hydrolases, for example amylase or maltase, into bioavailable simple sugars, for example, glucose.
  • Such glucosidase inhibition activity may be readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Biochemistry (1969) 8: 4214).
  • a generally preferred glucosidase inhibitor includes an amylase inhibitor. Any amylase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of starch or glycogen into maltose may be used. Such amylase inhibition activity may be readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. (1955) 1 : 149).
  • glucosidase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, acarbose and the various amino sugar derivatives related thereto (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,062,950 and 4,174,439); adiposine (U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,256); voglibose, 3,4-dideoxy-4-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino]-2-C- (hydroxymethy- l)-D-epi-inositol, and the various N-substituted pseudo-aminosugars related thereto (U.S. Pat. No.
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, tendamistat and the various cyclic peptides related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,451 ,455); AI-3688 and the various cyclic polypeptides related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,714); and trestatin, consisting of a mixture of trestatin A, trestatin B and trestatin C and the various trehalose-containing aminosugars related thereto, (U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,765).
  • an anti-diabetic compound for use in a combination of the invention include: biguanides (e.g., metformin), insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylureas and glinides), glitazones, non-glitazone PPAR.gamma. agonists, PPAR.beta.
  • agonists agonists, inhibitors of DPP-IV, inhibitors of PDE5, inhibitors of GSK-3, glucagon antagonists, inhibitors of f-1 ,6-BPase (Metabasis/Sankyo), GLP-1/analogs (AC 2993, also known as exendin-4), insulin and insulin mimetics (Merck natural products), PKC-beta inhibitors, and AGE breakers.
  • a compound of the invention can be used in combination with any anti-obesity agent known in the art.
  • Anti-obesity activity may be readily determined according to standard assays known in the art.
  • suitable anti-obesity agents include, but are not limited to, phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phentermine, .beta..sub.3 adrenergic receptor agonists, apolipoprotein- B secretion/microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (apo-B/MTP) inhibitors, MCR-4 agonists, cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., sibutramine - U..S.
  • bombesin agonists e.g., a bombesin agonist
  • anorectic agents e.g., a bombesin agonist
  • Neuropeptide-Y antagonists thyroxine, thyromimetic agents, dehydroepiandrosterones or analogs thereof, glucocorticoid receptor agonists or antagonists, orexin receptor antagonists, urocortin binding protein antagonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, ciliary neurotrophic factors (e.g., Axokine.TM.), human agouti-related proteins (AGRP), ghrelin receptor antagonists, histamine 3 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, neuromedin U receptor agonists, and the like.
  • bombesin agonists e.g., a bombesin agonist
  • Neuropeptide-Y antagonists e.g., thyroxine, thyromimetic agents, dehydroe
  • thyromimetic agent known in the art may also be used in combination with a compound of the invention. Thyromimetic activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Atherosclerosis (1996) 126: 53-63). Examples of suitable thyromimetic agents include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,121 ; 4,826,876; 4,910,305; 5,061 ,798; 5,284,971 ; 5,401 ,772; 5,654,468; and 5,569,674.
  • a compound of the invention may further be used in combination with an anti-resorptive agent (e.g., progestins, polyphosphonates, bisphosphonate(s), estrogen agonists/antagonists, estrogen, estrogen/progestin combinations, Premarin.RTM., estrone, estriol or 17.alpha.- or 17.beta.-ethynyl estradiol).
  • an anti-resorptive agent e.g., progestins, polyphosphonates, bisphosphonate(s), estrogen agonists/antagonists, estrogen, estrogen/progestin combinations, Premarin.RTM., estrone, estriol or 17.alpha.- or 17.beta.-ethynyl estradiol.
  • progestins are available from commercial sources and include, but are not limited to: aigestone acetophenide, aitrenogest, amadinone acetate, anagestone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, cingestol, clogestone acetate, clomegestone acetate, delmadinone acetate, desogestrel, dimethisterone, dydrogesterone, ethynerone, ethynodiol diacetate, etonogestrel, flurogestone acetate, gestaclone, gestodene, gestonorone caproate, gestrinone, haloprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, levonorgestrel, lynestrenol, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, melengestrol acetate, methynodiol diacetate, norethindron
  • Exemplary bone resorption inhibiting polyphosphonates include polyphosphonates of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,080.
  • Preferred polyphosphonates are geminal diphosphonates (also referred to as bis-phosphonates), 6-amino-1-hydroxy-hexylidene-bisphosphonic acid and 1-hydroxy- 3(methylpentylamino)-propylidene-bisphosphonic acid.
  • Tiludronate disodium, ibandronic acid, alendronate, resindronate, and zoledronic acid are each especially preferred polyphosphonates.
  • the polyphosphonates may be administered in the form of the acid, or of a soluble alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt.
  • Hydrolyzable esters of the polyphosphonates are likewise included. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, ethane-1 -hydroxy 1 ,1-diphosphonic acid, methane diphosphonic acid, pentane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid, methane dichloro diphosphonic acid, methane hydroxy diphosphonic acid, ethane-1 -amino-1 ,1 -diphosphonic acid, ethane-2-amino-1 ,1 - diphosphonic acid, propane-3-amino-1-hydroxy-1,1 -diphosphonic acid, propane-N,N-dimethyl-3- amino-1 -hydroxy-1 ,1-diphosphonic acid, propane-3,3-dimethyl-3-amino-1 -hydroxy-1 ,1-diphosphonic acid, phenyl amino methane diphosphonic acid, N,N-dimethylamino methane diphosphonic acid, N(2- hydroxyethyl) amino methane
  • an estrogen agonist/antagonist known in the art which bind with the estrogen receptor, inhibit bone turnover and/or prevent bone loss may be used in a combination of the invention. More specifically, an estrogen agonist may be any chemical compound capable of binding to the estrogen receptor sites in mammalian tissue, and mimicking the actions of estrogen in one or more tissue.
  • An estrogen antagonist may be any chemical compound capable of binding to the estrogen receptor sites in mammalian tissue, and blocking the actions of estrogen in one or more tissues. Such activities may be readily determined according to standard assays, including estrogen receptor binding assays, and standard bone histomorphometric and densitometer methods (Eriksen E. F. et al., Bone Histomo ⁇ hometry, Raven Press, New York, 1994, pages 1-74; Grier S. J.
  • Examples of a suitable estrogen agonist/antagonist is 3-(4-(1 ,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid (seeWillson et al., Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 3901- 3911 ); tamoxifen (ethanamine, 2-(-4-(1 ,2-diphenyl-1 -butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl, (Z)-2-, 2- hydroxy-1 ,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (1 :1)) and related compounds (U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,516); 4- hydroxy tamoxifen (U.S. Pat. No.
  • raloxifene (methanone, (6-hydroxy-2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thien-3-yl)(4-(2-(1 -piperidinyl)eth- oxy)phenyl)-hydrochloride)(U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,068); toremifene (ethanamine, 2-(4-(4-chloro-1 ,2-diphenyl-1-butenyI)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl ⁇ , (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1 ,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (1 :1) (U.S. Pat. No.
  • centchroman (1-(2-((4-(- methoxy-2,2, dimethyl-3-phenyl-chroman-4-yl)-phenoxy)-ethyl)-p- yrrolidine)(U.S. Pat. No. 3,822,287); levormeloxifene; idoxifene ((E)-I -(2-(4-(1 -(4-iodo-phenyl)-2-phenyl-but-1 -enyl)-phenoxy)-ethyl)-pyrro- lidinone (U.S. Pat. No.
  • Especially preferred estrogen agonist/antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,412 are: cis-6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,- 7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol; (-)- cis-6-phenyl-5-(4-(2-pyrrolidin-1 -yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-te- trahydro-naphthalene-2-ol (also known as lasofoxifene); cis-6-phenyl-5-(4-(2-pyrrolidin-1 -yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrah- ydro-naphthalene-
  • any anti-osteoporosis agent known in the art may be used in a combination of the invention.
  • examples include, but are not limited to, parathyroid hormone (PTH) (a bone anabolic agent); parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretagogues (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,774), particularly calcium receptor antagonists; calcitonin; and vitamin D and vitamin D analogs.
  • antihypertensive agent known in the art may be used in a combination of the invention.
  • Antihypertensive activity may be determined according to standard tests (e.g. blood pressure measurements).
  • suitable antihypertensive agents include, but are not limited to, (a) amlodipine and related dihydropyridine compounds (US Pat. Nos. 4,572,909 and 5,155,120) such as, but not limited to, amlodipine benzenesulfonate salt (also termed amlodipine besylate (Norvasc ® ))(U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,303) and other pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of amlodipine (U.S. Pat. No.
  • calcium channel blockers such as, but not limited to, bepridil (U.S. Pat. No. 3,962, 238 or U.S. Reissue No. 30,577), clentiazem (U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,175), diltiazem (U.S. Pat. No. 3,562), fendiline (U.S. Pat. No. 3,262,977), gallopamil (U.S. Pat. No.
  • mibefradil prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, aranipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, and perhexiline; (c) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ("ACE-lnhibitors”) such as, but not limited to, alacepril (U.S.
  • beta-adrenergic receptor blockers such as, but not limited to, acebutolol (U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,952), alprenolol, amosulalol (U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,305), arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol; and (f) alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers (alpha- or ⁇ -blockers) such as, but not limited to, amosulalol (U.S. Pat. No.
  • arotinolol U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,400
  • doxazosin doxazosin
  • fenspiride indoramin
  • labetolol labetolol
  • naftopidil nicergoline
  • prazosin tamsulosin
  • tolazoline trimazosin
  • yohimbine which may be isolated from natural sources according to methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Any compound that is known to be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease may be used in a combination of the invention.
  • Such compounds include acetylcholine esterase inhibitors.
  • acetylcholine esterase inhibitors examples include, but not limited to donepezil (Aricept ® ; US Patent Nos. 4,895,841 , 5,985,864, 6,140,321 , 6,245,911 and 6,372,760), tacrine (Cognex ® ; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631 ,286 and 4,816,456), rivastigmine (Exelon ® ; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,948,807 and 5,602,17) and galantamine (Reminyl; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,663,318 and 6,099,863).
  • donepezil Aricept ® ; US Patent Nos. 4,895,841 , 5,985,864, 6,140,321 , 6,245,911 and 6,372,760
  • tacrine Cognex ® ; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631 ,286 and 4,816,456
  • rivastigmine Example of known ace
  • the present invention contains compounds that can be synthesized in a number of ways familiar to one skilled in organic synthesis.
  • the following non-limiting reaction schemes illustrate the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all variables in the reaction schemes and the discussion that follow are defined above. As would be understood by one of skill in the art, individual compounds may require manipulation of the conditions in order to accommodate various functional groups. A variety of protecting groups known to one skilled in the art may be required. Purification, if necessary, may be accomplished on a silica gel column eluted with the appropriate organic solvent system. Also, reverse phase HPLC or recrystallization may be employed.
  • Scheme 1 describes a general synthetic scheme for the preparation of a compound 9, wherein R 2 is -C (O)NR 2a R2b. from an ester 1.
  • Scheme 1a highlights the preparation of compounds of this invention wherein R 2 is - C(O)NR 2a R 2b using compound 18 as a representative, non-limiting example.
  • ethyl isovalerate 10 was deprotonated with lithium diisopropylamide, and the resulting enolate was trapped with dibenzyl oxalate to afford the ⁇ -ketoester 11.
  • Condensation of 11 with 4-fluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride provides a hydrazone intermediate which, upon further heating at elevated temperature in the presence of acetic acid, cyclizes to give the hydroxypyrazole 13.
  • the oxygen-linked mevalonate-type side chain was then installed under standard Mitsunobu conditions using commercially available t-butyl (3R,5S)-6-hydroxy-3,5-O-isopropylidene-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate to afford 14 which was then debenzylated by catalytic hydrogenation to provide the carboxylic acid 15.
  • the acid was then converted to the amide 16, the acetonide protecting group was cleaved with HCI to give the diol 17, and the ferf-butyl ester was hydrolyzed with NaOH to give compound 18 which was isolated as a carboxylate salt.
  • [3- 14 C]-HMGCoA (57.0 mCi/mmol) was purchased from Amersham Biosciences, UK.
  • HMGCoA, mevalonolactone, ⁇ -NADPH ( ⁇ -Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, Reduced form) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.
  • AG 1-8X resin was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratory.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • 1 ⁇ l_ of DMSO containing a test compound at a concentration sufficient to give a final assay concentration of between 0.1 nM to 1 mM was placed into each well of a Corning 96 well plate.
  • a Volume of 34 ⁇ L of buffer (100 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , 10 mM Imidazole and 10 mM EDTA), (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) containing with 50 ⁇ g/mL rat liver microsomes was added into each well. After incubation for 30 min. on ice, 15 ⁇ L of 14 C-HMGCoA (0.024 ⁇ Ci) with
  • Compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values of less than about 500 nM in the aforementioned in vitro assay. Preferably, compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values 35 of less than about 100 nM. More preferably, compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values of less than about 20 nM.
  • Frozen rat hepatocytes purchased from XenoTech(cat# N400572) are seeded on 6-well collagen I coated plates at a density of 10 5 cells/per well. The cells are grown in DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, #11054-020) containing 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) and 10 mM HEPES, (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N 1 -2-ethane sulfonic acid) (Gibco # 15630-080) for 24 hrs.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
  • FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
  • HEPES N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N 1 -2-ethane sulfonic acid
  • the cells are pre-incubated with compounds for 4 hrs and then labeled by incubating in medium containing 1 uCi/per ml_ of 14 C acetic acid for an additional 4 hrs. After labeling, the cells are washed twice with 5 mM MOPS, (3-[N-morphoiino]propane sulfonic acid) solution containing 150 mM NaCI and 1 mM EDTA and collected in the lysis buffer containing 10% KOH and 80%(vol.) ethanol.
  • MOPS 3-[N-morphoiino]propane sulfonic acid
  • the lysates are then combined with 0.5 volume of H 2 O and 2 volumes of hexane, followed by 30 minutes of vigorous shaking. After the separation of two phases, the upper-phase solution is collected and combined with 5 volumes of scintillation cocktail. The amount of 14 C cholesterol is quantified by liquid scintillation counting. The IC 50 values are calculated with GraphPad software (Prism 3.03).
  • Compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values of less than about 1000 nM in the aforementioned cell assay. Preferably, compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values of less than about 100 nM.
  • L6 rat myoblast purchased from ATCC (CRL-1458) are grown in T-150 vented culture flasks and seeded on 12-well culture plates at a density of 60,000 cells per well. The cells are grown in DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, #10567-014) containing 10% heat inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) (Gibco # 10082-139) for 72 hours until reaching confluence.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
  • FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
  • the cells are pre-incubated in media with compound and 0.2% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 3 hours and then labeled by incubating in medium containing compound, 0.2% DMSO and 1 ⁇ Ci/per ml_ of 14 C acetic acid for an additional 3 hours. After labeling, the cells are washed once with 1x PBS (Gibco #14190- 144) then lysed overnight at 4 0 C in buffer containing 10% KOH and 78%(vol.) ethanol. Cholesterol extraction and data analysis:
  • Lipid ester bonds are hydrolyzed by saponification of the lysates at 6O 0 C for 2 hours.
  • Sterols including cholesterol
  • the upper organic phase solution is collected and combined with an equal volume of 1 N KOH in 50% methanol and mixed by pipette 6 times.
  • the upper organic phase is collected in a scintilant-coated plate (Wallac #1450-501) and hexanes removed by evaporation at room temperature for 3 hours.
  • the amount of 14 C cholesterol is quantified by scintillation counting in a Trilux 1450 plate reader (Wallac).
  • Compounds of the invention preferably exhibit a hepatocyte selectivity greater than about 1000 ((L6 IC 50 / Rat hepatocyte IC 50 ) > 1000), and have a L6 IC 50 value greater than about 1000 nM.
  • Step 1 Preparation of 2-isopropyl-3-oxo-succinic acid 4-benzyl ester 1 -ethyl ester
  • the original organic layer was diluted with methyl terf-butyl ether (500 mL), and the combined organic phase was washed with water (2 x 400 mL) and brine (400 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the hydrazone intermediate as a brown oil (107.7 g) which was carried into the next step without further purification.
  • Step 4 Preparation of (4S,6R)-5-(6-ferf-butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4- ylmethoxy)-1 -(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid A solution of (4S,6R)-5-(6-ferf-butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-ylmethoxy)-1 -
  • Step 1 Preparation of (4R,6SH6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy- benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxymethyll-2,2-dimetriyl-f1.31dioxan-4-yl)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Step 2 Preparation of (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)- 2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester
  • Example 1 The following examples were prepared by a method analogous to that described in Example 1 , substituting the appropriate primary or secondary amines (commercially available or prepared as in Preparations 2 to 4) for 3-methoxybenzylamine in Step 1 of Example 1.
  • Example 25 f3R,5S)-6-(2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-rmethyl-((1 R)-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxyl-3.5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt

Abstract

Novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful as hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic agents are described. More specifically, potent inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (“HMG CoA reductase”) are described. Method of using such compounds and compositions to treat subjects, including humans, suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis are also described.

Description

OXYPYRAZOLE HMG CO-A REDUCTASE INHIBITORS
Background of the Invention
High levels of blood cholesterol and blood lipids are conditions involved in the onset of atherosclerosis. The conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is an early and rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. This step is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. It is known that inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase are effective in lowering the blood plasma level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), in man. (cf. M.S. Brown and J.L. Goldstein, New England Journal of Medicine, 305, No. 9, 515-517 (1981)). It has been established that lowering LDL-C levels affords protection from coronary heart disease (cf. Journal of the American Medical Association, 251 , No. 3, 351-374 (1984)).
To varying degrees, statins interfere with and/or inhibit HMG-CoA reductase from catalyzing the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. As such, statins are collectively potent lipid lowering agents. Thus, statins are the drugs of first choice for management of many lipid disorders. One representative statin is atorvastatin. Atorvastatin and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are selective, competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. As such, atorvastatin calcium is a potent lipid lowering compound and is thus useful as a hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic agent, as well as in the treatment of osteoporosis, BPH, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. A number of patents have issued disclosing atorvastatin. These include: United States Patent Numbers 4,681 ,893; 5,273,995 and 5,969,156, which are incorporated herein by reference. Other representative statins include lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin.
Statin drugs share many features, but also exhibit differences in pharmacologic attributes that may contribute to differences in clinical utility and effectiveness in modifying lipid risk factors for coronary heart disease. (Clin. Cardiol. BoI. 26 (Suppl. Ill), III-32-III-38 (2003)). Accordingly, it would be most beneficial to provide a statin having a combination of desirable properties including (i) potent reversible inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, (ii) the ability to produce large reductions in LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), (iii) the ability to increase HDL cholesterol (HDL- C), (iv) relative hydrophilicity, (v) tissue selectivity (e.g., selectivity of effect or uptake in hepatic cells through selective organic ion transport), (vi) optimal pharmacokinetics or systemic bioavailability so as to minimize any potential risk of systemic adverse effects, while at the same time having enough systemic availability so that any pleiotropic effects can be observed in the vasculature with statin treatment, (vii) availability of once a day dosing, (viii) a low potential for drug-drug interactions, (ix) the ability to lower circulating very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) as well as the ability to lower triglyceride levels, (x) prolonged elimination half-life to maximize effectiveness for lowering LDL-C, (xi) absence or minimal metabolism via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system (e.g., the CYP3A4 system) so as to minimize any potential risk of drug-drug interactions when statins are given in combination with other drugs, and (xii) reduce levels of C-reactive protein (CRP).
As described below, the present invention relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful as hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic agents. More specifically, the present invention concerns certain potent inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase ("HMG CoA reductase"). The invention further relates to methods of using such compounds and compositions to treat subjects, including humans, suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a compound of the formula (I):
Figure imgf000003_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein:
Ri is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; more specifically, R1 is C1-C7 alkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkyl; even more specifically, R1 is isopropyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R-i is optionally substituted as defined for, each of these groups below;
R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, NC-, R2bR2aNCO(CH2)n -, R2bR2a NS(O)n-, R20S(O)n-, R2bR2a N(CH2)n-, R2b-J-C(O)NR2a(CH2)n-, R2b-J- SO2NR2a(CH2)n-, R2b-J-SONR2a(CH2)n, R'OOC(CH2)n-, or R'C0(CH2)n-; more specifically, R2 is R2bR2a NCO(CH2)n-; even more specifically, R2 is R2bR2a NCO-; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl , aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R2 is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below;
J is a direct bond, O, or N;
R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl(CH2)n- aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; more specifically, R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, CrC7alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; even more specifically, R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, methyl or benzyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl of R2aand R2b is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below; or R2a and R2b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-11 member saturated or unsaturated, mono- or polycyclic ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted with at least one of aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, halogen, R1O-, R'00C(CH2)n-, R'R"NCO(CH2)n-, RO2S(CHa)n-, R11R1NSO2- or NC-;
R20 is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R20 is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below; R and R" are each independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; where alkyl, aryl or aralkyl of R' and R" is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below;
n is 0, 1 or 2; more specifically, n is 0 or 1 ; even more specifically, n is 0; and
R3 is hydrogen, C1-S alkyl, C3.8cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; more specifically, R3 is aryl; even more specifically, R3 is phenyl or p-fluorophenyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R3 is optionally substituted as defined for each of these groups below; and The present invention provides a compound of the following (3R, 5S) stereospecific formula
(Ia):
Figure imgf000004_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein R1, R2, and R3, are each as set forth above. The invention further provides a compound of formula (II):
Figure imgf000004_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein R2a, R2b, and n are each as set forth above. The invention further provides a compound of formula (II), as set forth above, wherein R2a is:
Figure imgf000004_0003
where R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; q is 0, 1 or 2; each R6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; and p is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is 0; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
The invention further provides a (3R, 5S) stereospecific compound of formula (Ha): -A-
Figure imgf000005_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein R2a, R2b, and n are each as defined above. The invention further provides a compound of formula (IV):
Figure imgf000005_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each as defined above. The invention further provides a compound of formula (V):
Figure imgf000005_0003
where R7 is alkyl, and R1, R2, and R3 are each as defined above.
The invention further provides a compound selected from the group consisting of:
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-Benzylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(3-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-(4-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(4-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(2,4-Difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxymethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methoxymethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-t5-Ethylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-propylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yIoxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-phenethylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Cyclopentylmethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Cyclohexylmethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-t2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-(3-(3-cyanobenzylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-f luorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(4-cyanobenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(2-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyi)-4-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(isobutylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-((pyridin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5R)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(4-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(isopropylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R, 5S)-6-[5-(3,4-difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R, 5S)-6-[5-(2,3-difluoro-benzyjcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-cyclopentylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- -yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-trifluoromethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(3-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-t5-(2-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-pheny!)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(2-Chioro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyI)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-t5-Butylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-methylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; and
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
The invention further provides a compound selected from the group consisting of:
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Benzyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Benzyl-ethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(2-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-[(3-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(4-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[(3-methoxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(4-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Cyclopentylmethyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-((1 R)-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H- pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(2,3-difluorobenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H- pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(3-ethoxybenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H- pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(3-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R, 5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-(cyclohexylnnethyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyi)-4-isopropyl-5-[(4-methoxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(4-trifluoromethoxy-benzyl)-carbannoyl]- 2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(2-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(3,4-difluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; and (3R,5S)-6-[5-[(3-chloro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
The invention further provides a compound selected from the group consisting of: (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-phenyl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-((3S)-phenyl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(2-phenyl-piperidine-1 -carbonyl)-1 -(4-f luorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(1 ,3-dihydro-isoindole-2-carbonyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2-phenyl-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazoi-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy- hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)- 6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy- hexanoic acid; and
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(3,4-dihydro-1 H-isoquinoline-2-carbonyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle, each as described herein. The invention further provides a combination of a compound of the invention and another pharmaceutically active agent, each as described herein. A pharmaceutical compostion comprising the aforementioned combination and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle, each as described herein, is also provided by the invention.
The invention further provides a method of preparation of a compound, pharmaceutical composition or combination of the invention, each as described herein.
The invention still further provides a method of treating a subject suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, pharmaceutical composition or combination of the invention, each as described herein, to the subject in need thereof. The invention still further provides the use of a compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination of the invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a subject suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION DEFINITIONS
Unless indicated otherwise, the following terms are defined as follows: The article "a" or "an" as used herein refers to both the singular and plural form of the object to which it refers.
The term "alkyl" as used herein refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like. The alkyl group may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the substituents selected from lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, -0(CH2)o-2CF3, -O-aryl, halogen, nitro, cyano, =0, =S, -OH, -SH, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2C1-C6 alkyl, -NR'R",
-NR1SO2R", -NR'CONR'R", or -CONR'R" where R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or joined together to form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S; or N, R' and R" taken together form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S. Thθ term "lower alkyl" as used herein refers to a subset of alkyl which means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl and the like. Alternatively, lower alkyl is referred to as "C1-C7 alkyl." The lower alkyl group may also be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited for the term "alkyl".
The term "alkenyl" as used herein means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical from 2 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one double bond and includes, for example, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2- propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3- hexenyl, 3-heptenyl, l-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 1-undecenyl, 1-dodecenyl, and the like. The alkenyl group may be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited for the term "alkyl".
The term "alkynyl" as used herein means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one triple bond and includes, for example, 3-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 3- butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 3-methyl-3-butynyl, 1-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 3-heptynyl, I- octynyl, 1 -nonynyl, 1-decynyl, 1-undecynyl, 1-dodecynyl, and the like. The alkynyl group may be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited for the term "alkyl".
The term "alkylene" as used herein refers to a divalent group derived from a straighfcor branched chain saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms by the removal of two hydrogen atoms, for example methylene, 1 ,2-ethylene, 1 ,1 -ethylene, 1 ,3-propylene, 2,2- dimethylpropylene, and the like. The alkylene group may be optionally substituted with one or more of the substituents selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, -O(CH2)0-2CF3, halogen, nitro, cyano, =0, =S, -OH, -SH, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2C1-C6 alkyl, -NR'R", or -CONR'R", where R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; or N, R' and R" taken together form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S. Useful alkylene groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkylene). Examples include, but are not limited to, methylene (-CH2-), ethylene (-CH2CH2-), propylene (-(CH2)3-), and the like.
The term "halogen" or "halo" as used herein refers to fluorine or fluoro, chlorine or chloro, bromine or bromo and iodine or iodo. The term "haloalkyl" as used herein refers to an alkyl group wherein at least one of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced with a halo group, each as defined above (e.g., -CF3).
The term "haloalkoxy" as used herein refers to an alkoxy group (i.e., -O-alkyl) wherein at least one of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced with a halo group, each as defined herein (e.g., -OCF3). The term "heteroatom" as used herein represents oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur (O, N, or S) as well as sulfoxyl or sulfonyl (SO or SO2) unless otherwise indicated.
The term "hydrocarbon chain" as used herein refers to a straight hydrocarbon of from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbon chain is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, -O(CH2)0-2CF3, halogen, nitro, cyano, =0, =S, -OH, -SH, -CF3, -CO2H, -CO2C1-C6 alkyl, -NR'R" or -CONR'R", where R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; or N, R' and R" taken together form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S.
The terms "lower alkoxy" and "lower thioalkoxy" as used herein refers to -O-alkyl or -S-alkyl of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms as defined above for "lower alkyl." The term "aryl" as used herein refers to a C5-C14 mono-, bi- or polycarbocyclic aromatic ring system which is optionally substituted by at least one substituent selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, halogen, -0(CH2)o-2CF3, -Oaryl, -OSO2R', nitro, cyano, -OH, -SH, -CF3, -CO2H, -Cθ2(CrCβ)alkyl, -NR'R", -NR1SO2R", -NR'CONR'R", -SO^alkyl, S01-2aryl, -SO2NR1R", or -CONR'R", where R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or joined together to form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S; or N, R' and R" taken together form a 4-7 member ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from N, O and S. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, A- chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-4-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-5-methylphenyl, 3- chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 5- chloro-2-methylphenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 2,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, and the like.
The term "aralkyl" as used herein means aryl, as defined above, attached to an alkyl group, as defined above. Linkage to the rest of the molecule may be through either the aryl or alkyl portion of the aralkyl moiety. The aralkyl group may be optionally substituted by at least one of the substituents recited above for "alkyl" and "aryl". Examples of aralkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, tolyl, and the like.
The term "heteroaryl" as used herein refers to an aryl group, as defined above, containing one or more heteroatoms, as defined above. The heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with at least one of the substituents recited above for "aryl". Examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazoyl, pyrazinyl, oxazoly!, thiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, I- imidazolyl, 2- imidazolyl, 4- imidazolyl, 5- imidazolyl, I- pyrazolyl, 3- pyrazolyl, 4- pyrazolyl, 5-pyrazolyl, 2- thiazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 3- isothiazolyl, 4- isothiazolyl, 5-isothiazolyl, 2- oxazolyl, 4- oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3- isoxazolyl, A- isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 1- triazolyl, 3- triazolyl, 5-triazolyl, I- tetrazolyl, 2- tetrazolyl, 3-tetrazolyl, 2- pyrazinyl, 2- pyrimidinyl, 4- pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, l-indolyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, A- indolyl, 5-indolyl, 6-indolyl, 7-indolyl, l-indolizinyl, 2-indolizinyl, 3-indolizinyl, 5-indolizinyl, 6-indolizinyl, 7-indolizinyl, 8-indolizinyl, l-isoindolyl, 2-isoindoIyl, 3-isoindolyl, 4-isoindolyl, 5-isoindolyl, 6-isoindolyl, 7-isoindolyl, 2-benzothienyl, 3-benzothienyl, 4-benzothienyl, 5-benzothienyl, 6-benzothienyl, 7- benzothienyl, 2-benzoxazolyl, 4-benzoxazolyl, 5-benzoxazolyl, 6-benzoxazolyl, 7-benzoxazolyl, I- benzimidazolyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 4-benzimidazolyl, 5-benzimidazolyl, 6-benzimidazolyl, 7- benzimidazolyl, 2-quinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 4-quinolinyl, 5-quinolinyl, 6-quinolinyl, 7-quinolinyl, 8- quinolinyl, l-isoquinolinyl, 3-isoquinolinyl, 4-isoquinolinyl, 5-isoquinolinyl, 6-isoquinolinyl, 7- isoquinolinyl, 8-isoquinolinyl, and the like. The term heteroaralkyl, as used herein refers to heteroaryl, as defined above, attached to an aikyl group, as defined above. Linkage to the rest of the molecule can be either through the heteroaryi or the alkyl portion of the heteroaralkyl moiety. The heteroaralkyl may be optionally substituted with at least one of those substituents recited above for "alkyl" and "heteroaryl". The term "heterocycle" as used herein refers to a saturated mono-, bi- or polycyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. The heterocycle may be optionally substituted with at least one of those substituents recited above for "alkylene". Examples of suitable heterocycles include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, I- piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, 2- morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, 4-morpholinyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, aziridinyl, , thietanyl, oxetaryl, and the like.
The term "ring" as used herein includes heteroaryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl or aryl, each as defined above, and further includes fused, monocyclic, bicyclic, and polycyclic permutations thereof.
The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to a saturated cyclic C3-Ci2 alkyl group, where alkyl is as defined above. Examples of suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloctyl, decalinyl, norpinanyl, or adamantyl. The cycloalkyl ring may be optionally substituted by with at least one of those substituents recited above for "alkyl" or "alkylene". Examples of substituted cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, fluorocyclopropyl, 2-iodocyclobutyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, 2,2-dimethoxycyclohexyl, 3- phenylcyclopentyl, and the like. The term "treating" or "treatment" refers to curative, palliative and prophylactic treatment, including reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
The term "stereoisomer" as used herein refers to both geometric {e,g., cis and trans isomers) and/or optical isomers {e.g., R and S enantiomers) of a compound of the invention. Racemic, enantiomeric, diastereomeric and epimeric mixtures of such isomers are contemplated by the present invention.
When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross the bond(s) connecting 2 atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in the ring, provided the atom will accept the substituent without violating its valency. When there appears to be several atoms of the substituent that may bond to the ring atom, then it is the first atom of the listed substituent that is attached to the ring, unless indicated otherwise.
Unless indicated otherwise, "compound of the invention" or "compounds of the invention" includes the compound itself as well as its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, as well as other embodiments described herein.
As used herein, the following terms have the meanings given: RT or rt means room temperature. MP means melting point. MS means mass spectroscopy. TLC means thin layer chromatography. [S]at. means saturated. [C]onc. means concentrated. TBIA means [(4R,6R)-6-(2- Amino-ethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-yl]-acetic acid tert-butyl ester. DCM means dichloromethane, which is used interchangeably with methylene chloride. NBS means Λ/-Bromosuccinimide. "h" means hour, "v/v" means volume ratio or "volume per volume". "Rf means retention factor. 'Tf2O" or 'TfO" means triflic anhydride or C(F)3S(O)2OS(O)2C(F)3. Ac2O means acetic anhydride. "tT]rifluorotol." Or "TFT" means trifluorotoluene. "DMF" means dimethylformamide. "DCE" means dichloroethane. "Bu" means butyl. "Me" means methyl. "Et" means ethyl. "DBU" means 1 ,8-Diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7- ene. 'TBS" means 'TBDMS" or tert-Butyldimethylsilyl. "DMSO" means dimethyl sulfoxide. 'TBAF" means tetrabutylammonium fluoride. THF means tetrahydrofuran. NBuIi or BuIi means n-butyl lithium. TFA means trifluoroacetic acid. i-Pr means isopropyl. [M]n means minutes, ml or ml_ means milliliter. "M" or "m" means molar. "Bn" means benzyl. "PyBOP" means bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. "OtBu" means t-butoxy. 'Ts" or "Tosyl" means p-toluenesulfonyl. "PS-DIEA" means polystyrene-bound diisopropylethylamine. "PS-NCO" means polystyrene-bound isocyanate resin. "Ph" means phenyl. As used herein, "hydrogenolysis" means the cleaving of a chemical bond by hydrogen. "EDCI" or "EDC" means 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbondiimide hydrochloride. "NMP" means 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
The term "patient" or "subject" means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients or subjects include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. A "therapeutically effective amount" is an amount of a compound of the present invention that when administered to a patient treats a symptom of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis. As would be understood by one of skill in the art, a "therapeutically effective amount" will vary from subject to subject and will be determined on a case by case basis. Factors to consider include, but are not limited to, the subject being treated, weight, health, compound administered, etc.
The term "a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug" as used herein refers to those acid addition salts, base addition salts, esters, amides, hydrates, stereoisomers, and prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.
The term "a pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. These may include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to.ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like. (See, for example, Berge S. M., et al.,
"Pharmaceutical Salts," J. Pharm. ScL, 1977;66:1-19, which is incorporated herein by reference.) The free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base. While the free base may differ from the salt form in terms of physical properties, such as solubility, the salts are equivalent to their respective free bases for the purposes of the present invention.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic esters of the compounds of the invention include Ci-C6 alkyl esters wherein the alkyl group is a straight or branched chain. Acceptable esters also include C5-C7 cycloalkyl esters as well as aralkyl esters such as, but not limited to, benzyl. CrC4 alkyl esters are preferred. Esters of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic amides of the compounds of the invention include amides derived from ammonia, primary (CrC6)alkyl amines and secondary di- (C1-C6)alkyl amines wherein the alkyl groups are straight or branched chain. In the case of secondary amines, the amine may also be in the form of a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom. Amides derived from ammonia, C1-C3 alkyl primary amines and C1-C2 dialkyl secondary amines are preferred. Amides of the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.
"Prodrugs" are intended to include any covalently bonded carrier which releases the active parent drug according to Formulae I, Ia, II, Ha, and IV in vivo. Further, the term "prodrug" refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formulae, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro- drugs as Novel Delivery Systems," Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetates, formates, benzoate derivatives of alcohols, and amines present in compounds of the invention. In some situations, compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers of a compound of the invention are encompassed by the present invention.
Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated form as well as solvated form including hydrated form. In general, the solvated form including hydrated form is equivalent to the unsolvated form and is intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain of the compounds of the present invention possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration. For example, compounds of formulae (Ia) and (Ha) are shown with a (3R, 5S) configuration. Also envisioned are compounds having a (3S, 5S), (3S, 5R) or (3R, 5R) configuration. If a compound of the invention further contains another chiral center(s), then that center(s) could independently have either an R or S configuration. The present invention includes all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Such stereoisomers may be obtained, if desired, by methods known in the art including, for example, the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns and by chiral synthesis. The compounds of the present invention are suitable to be administered to a patient or subject for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis. The compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient/subject alone, or another compound of the invention, or as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention contains at least one compound of the invention and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle may be any such carrier known in the art including those described in, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985). A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared by conventional means known in the art including, for example, mixing at least one compound of the invention with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A composition of the invention can be administered to a patient/subject either orally, rectally, parenterally (intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously), intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, intravesically, locally (powders, ointments, or drops), or as a buccal or nasal spray.
Compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.
These compositions may also contain additives such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is admixed with at least one (a) inert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate; (b) fillers or extenders, as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (c) binders, as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia; (d) humectants, as for example, glycerol; (e) disintegrating agents, as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates, and sodium carbonate; (f) solution retarders, as for example paraffin; (g) absorption accelerators, as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds; (h) wetting agents, as for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (i) adsorbents, as for example, kaolin and bentonite; and (j) lubricants, as for example, talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, or mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.
Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols, and the like. Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well-known in the art. They may contain opacifying agents, and can also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used are polymeric substances and waxes. The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1 ,3-butyIeneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
Besides such inert diluents, the composition can also include additives, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
Compositions for rectal administrations are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of the present invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, powders, sprays, and inhalants. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a physiologically acceptable carrier and any preservatives, buffers, or propellants as may be required. Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
The compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient at dosage levels in the range of about 0.1 to about 2,000 mg per day. For a normal human adult having a body weight of about 70 kilograms, a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day is preferable. The specific dosage used, however, can vary from patient to patient. For example, the dosage can depend on a numbers of factors including the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the pharmacological activity of the compound being used. The determination of optimum dosages for a particular patient is well known to those skilled in the art. The compounds of the invention, as described herein, may be used either alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent described herein, in the treatment of the following diseases/conditions: dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disorders, angina, ischemia, cardiac ischemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, angioplastic restenosis, hypertension, diabetes and vascular complications of diabetes, obesity, unstable angina pectoris, Alzheimer's Disease, BPH, osteoporosis, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmia, pulmonary vascular disease, renal-vascular disease, renal disease, vascular hemostatic disease, autoimmune disorders, pulmonary_disease, sexual dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, cancer, organ transplant rejection, psoriasis, endometriosis, and macular degeneration. A combination of the invention may be part of a pharmaceutical composition further containing a pharmaceutically active carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle, each as described herein.
Examples of a suitable pharmaceutically active agent include a CETP inhibitor, a PPAR- activator, an MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, HDL-cholesterol raising agent, triglyceride lowering agent, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, a cholesterol modulating agent, a fibrate, niacin, an ion-exchange resin, an antioxidant, an ACAT inhibitor, or bile acid sequestrant; an anti-hypertensive agent; an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, an anti-diabetic compound, an anti-obesity compound, a thyromimetic agent, an anti-resorptive agent, an anti-osteoporosis agent, an antihypertensive agent, or a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Specific examples of each of these agents include those known in the art as well as those specificed below.
In combination therapy treatment, both the compounds of the invention and the other drug therapies are administered to mammals by conventional methods. The following discussion more specifically describes the various combination aspects of this invention.
Any cholesterol absorption inhibitor known in the art with the ability of a compound to prevent cholesterol contained within the lumen of the intestine from entering into the intestinal cells and/or passing from within the intestinal cells into the blood stream may be used. Such cholesterol absorption inhibition activity is readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., J. Lipid Res. (1993) 34: 377-395). Examples include, but are not limited to, ZETIA™ as well as the cholesterol absorption inhibitors described in WO 94/00480.
Any cholesterol ester transfer protein ("CETP") inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the transfer of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride between lipoprotein particles, including high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and chylomicrons may be used. The effect of a CETP inhibitor on lipoprotein profile is believed to be antiatherogenic. Such inhibition may be determined by means known in the art (e.g., Crook et al. Arteriosclerosis 10, 625, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,343). Examples of suitable CETP inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,197,786, 6,723,752 and 6,723,753. Additional examples of useful CETP inhibitors include the following compounds: [2R, 4S]4-[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-methoxycarbonyI-amino]-2-ethyl-6-trifIuoromethyI-3,4- dihydroxycarbonyl-aminol^-ethyl-e-trifluoromethyl-S^-dihydro^H-quinoline-i-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Torcetrapib™), and 3-{[3-(4-Chloro-3-ethyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-[3-(1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrafluoro-ethoxy)- benzyl]-amino}-1 ,1 ,1 -trifiuoro-propan-2-ol. To address the poor solubility of many of the CETP inhibitors, an appropriate dosage form such as one comprising (1) a solid amorphous dispersion comprising a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor and an acidic concentration-enhancing polymer; and (2) an acid-sensitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, may be necessary. This dosage form is more fully described in USSN 10/739,567.
Any peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ("PPAR") activator known in the art that activates or otherwise interacts with a human PPAR may be used. Three mammalian PPARs have been isolated and termed PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and PPAR-beta (also known as NUC1 or PPAR-delta). These PPARs regulate expression of target genes by binding to DNA sequence elements, termed PPAR response elements. These elements have been identified in the enhancers of a number of genes encoding proteins that regulate lipid metabolism suggesting that PPARs play a pivotal role in the adipogenic signaling cascade and lipid homeostasis. PPAR-gamma receptors are associated with regulation of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels. PPAR-α activators are associated with lowering plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. PPAR-β activators have been reported to both increase HDL-C levels and to decrease LDL-C levels. Thus, activation of PPAR-β alone, or in combination with the simultaneous activation of PPAR-α and/or PPAR-gamma may be desirable in formulating a treatment for dyslipidemia in which HDL is increased and LDL lowered. PPAR-activation is readily determined by those skilled in the art by the standard assays (e.g. US 2003/0225158 and US 2004/0157885). Examples of suitable PPAR-activator compounds include, but are not limited to, those described in US 2003/0171377, US 2003/0225158, US 2004/0157885, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,710,063. Additional examples of useful PPAR-activator compounds include the following compounds: [5-Methoxy-2-methly-4-(4'-trifluoromethly-biphenyl-4ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxy]- acetic acid; [5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-(3'-trifloromethly-biphenyl-4-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid; ^-(^Fluoro-biphenyl^-ylmethylsulfanyO-δ-methoxy^methyl-phenoxyl-acetic acid; {5-Methoxy- 2methyl-4-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-benzylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic acid; {{5-Methoxy-2-methyl- 4-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-pryidin-2-yl)-benzylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}-acetic acid; (4-{4-[2-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)- vinyl]-benzylsulfanyl}-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-acetic acid; [5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-4'- trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-4-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid; [5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-(4'- trifluoromethyl-biphenyl-3-ylmethylsulfanyl)-phenoxy]- acetic acid; {5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-[2-(4- trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-benzylsulfanyl]-phenoxy}acetic acid; 3-{5-[2-(-5-Methyl-2 phenyl-oxazol-4- yl-ethoxy] -indol- 1-yl} -propionic acid; 3-{4[2-(5-methyl-2- phenyl-1 ,3-oxazol-4-yl)ethoxy- 1 H-indazol- 1yl}propanoic acid; 2-Methyl-2-{3-[({2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-1 ,3-oxazol-4- yl)ethoxy]carbonyl}amino)methyl] phenoxyjpropionic acid; 1-{3'-[2-5-Methyl-2-phenyl-1 ,3-oxazol-4-y]- 1 ,1' -biphenyl-S-ylJoxyJcyclobutanecarboxylic acid; 3-[3-(1 -Carboxy-1 -methyl-ethoxy)-phenyl]- pipeήdine-1-carboxylic acid 3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl ester; 2-{2-methyl-4-[({4-methyl-2-[4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 ,3-thiazol-5-yl}me thyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid; 2-{2-methyl-4-[({4- methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl )phenyl]-1 ,3-oxazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid; methyl 2-{4- [({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 ,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sul fanyl]phenoxy}acetate; 2-{4-[({4- methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1 ,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulf anyl]phenoxy}acetic acid; (E)-3-[2- methyl-4-({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyI]-1 ,3-thiazol-5-yl }methoxy)phenyl]-2-propenoic acid; 2- {S-chloro^-^-methyl^-^-^rifluoromethyOphenyO-I .S-thiazol-δ-ylJme thyOsulfanyllphenylJacetic acid; 2-{2-methyl-4-[({4-methyl-2-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazo l-5- yl}methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Any MTP/Apo B secretion (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and/or apolipoprotein B secretion) inhibitor known in the art which inhibits the secretion of triglycerides, cholesteryl ester and phospholipids may be used. Such inhibition may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Wetterau, J. R. 1992; Science 258:999). Examples of suitable a MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor include, but are not limited to, imputapride (Bayer) as well as those described in WO 96/40640 and WO 98/23593.
Any ACAT inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the intracellular esterification of dietary cholesterol by the enzyme acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase may be used. Such inhibition may be determined readily according to standard assays, such as the method of Heider et al. described in Journal of Lipid Research. 24:1127 (1983). Examples of suitable ACAT inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,379 (carboxysulfonates),WO 96/26948 and WO 96/10559 (urea derivatives). Additional examples include Avasimibe (Pfizer), CS-505 (Sankyo) and Eflucimibe (EIi Lilly and Pierre Fabre).
Any lipase inhibitor (e.g., pancreatic lipase inhibitor, a gastric lipase inhibitor) known in the art that inhibits the metabolic cleavage of dietary triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides may be used. Such lipase inhibition activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. 286: 190-231). Examples of a suitable lipase inhibitor include, but are not limited to, lipstatin, (2S,3S,5S,7Z,10Z)-5-[(S)-2-formamido-4-methyl-valeryloxy]-2-hexyl-3-hydro- xy- 7,10-hexadecanoic acid lactone, and tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat), (2S,3S,5S)-5-[(S)-2-formamido-4- methyl-valeryloxy]-2-hexyl-3-hydroxy-hexa- decanoic 1 ,3 acid lactone, and the variously substituted N- formylleucine derivatives and stereoisomers thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 4,598,089); tetrahydrolipstatin U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,274,143; 5,420,305; 5,540,917; and 5,643,874; FL-386, 1-[4-(2-methylpropyl)cyclohexyl]- 2-[- (phenylsulfonyl)oxy]-ethanone, and the variously substituted sulfonate derivatives related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,813); WAY-121898, 4-phenoxyphenyl-4-methylpipe- ridin-1 -yl-carboxylate, and the various carbamate esters and pharmaceutically acceptable salts related thereto (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,512,565; 5,391 ,571 and 5,602,151); valilactone, and a process for the preparation thereof by the microbial cultivation of Actinomycetes strain MG147-CF2 (Kitahara, et al., J. Antibiotics, 40 (11), 1647- 1650 (1987)); esterastin; ebelactone A and ebelactone B, and a process for the preparation thereof by the microbial cultivation of Actinomycetes strain MG7-G1 (Umezawa, et al., J. Antibiotics, 33, 1594- 1596 (1980); Japanese Kokai 08-143457, published Jun. 4, 1996). The compound tetrahydrolipstatin is especially preferred. Additional examples include N-3-trifluoromethylphenyl-N'-- 3-chloro-4'- trifluoromethylphenylurea, and the various urea derivatives related thereto, U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,644; esteracin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,189,438 and 4,242,453); and cyclo-O, O'-[(1 ,6-hexanediyl)-bis-(iminoc- arbonyl)]dioxime, and the various bis(iminocarbonyl)dioximes related thereto (Petersen et al., Liebig's Annalen, 562, 205-229 (1949).
Any bile acid sequestrant known in the art may be used. Examples of suitable bile acid sequestrants include, but are not limited to, Welchol®, Colestid®, LoCholest®, Questran® and fibric acid derivatives, such as Atromid®, Lopid® and Tricor®"
A compound of the invention can be used in combination with an anti-diabetic compound, i.e. any compound (e.g. insulin) used in the treating diabetes (especially Type II), insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, or the like, or any of the diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy or cataracts. Additional examples of an anti-diabetic compound include, but are not limited to, a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, an aldose reductase inhibitor, a sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor, a glucosidase inhibitor, and an amylase inhibitor.
Any glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the bioconversion of glycogen to glucose-1 -phosphate which is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase may be used. Such glycogen phosphorylase inhibition activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., J. Med. Chem. 41 (1998) 2934-2938). A variety of glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors are known to those skilled in the art including those described in WO 96/39384 and WO 96/39385. Any aldose reductase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the bioconversion of glucose to sorbitol catalyzed by the enzyme aldose reductase. Aldose reductase inhibition may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., J. Malone, Diabetes, 29:861-864 (1980). "Red Cell Sorbitol, an Indicator of Diabetic Control").
Any sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the bioconversion of sorbitol to fructose catalyzed by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase may be used. Such sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Analyt. Biochem (2000) 280: 329-331). Examples of a suitable sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,728,704 and 5,866,578.
Any glucosidase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates by glycoside hydrolases, for example amylase or maltase, into bioavailable simple sugars, for example, glucose. Such glucosidase inhibition activity may be readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Biochemistry (1969) 8: 4214).
A generally preferred glucosidase inhibitor includes an amylase inhibitor. Any amylase inhibitor known in the art that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of starch or glycogen into maltose may be used. Such amylase inhibition activity may be readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. (1955) 1 : 149).
Other preferred glucosidase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, acarbose and the various amino sugar derivatives related thereto (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,062,950 and 4,174,439); adiposine (U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,256); voglibose, 3,4-dideoxy-4-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino]-2-C- (hydroxymethy- l)-D-epi-inositol, and the various N-substituted pseudo-aminosugars related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,559); miglitol, (2R,3R,4R,5S)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydr- oxymethyl)-3,4,5- piperidinetriol, and the various 3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidines related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,436); emiglitate, ethyl p-[2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihyd- roxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidino]ethoxy]-benzoate, the various derivatives related thereto and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,772); MDL-25637, 2,6-dideoxy-7-O-.beta.-D-glucopyrano-syl-2,6-imino-D-glycero- L-gluco-heptitol, the various homodisaccharides related thereto and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,765); camiglibose, methyl 6-deoxy-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)- 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxym- ethyl)piperidino]-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside sesquihydrate, the deoxy- nojirimycin derivatives related thereto, the various pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and synthetic methods for the preparation thereof (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,157,116 and 5,504,078); pradimicin-Q; and salbostatin and the various pseudosaccharides related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 5,091 ,524). Any amylase inhibitor known in the art may be used. Examples include, but are not limited to, tendamistat and the various cyclic peptides related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,451 ,455); AI-3688 and the various cyclic polypeptides related thereto (U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,714); and trestatin, consisting of a mixture of trestatin A, trestatin B and trestatin C and the various trehalose-containing aminosugars related thereto, (U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,765).
Additional examples of an anti-diabetic compound for use in a combination of the invention include: biguanides (e.g., metformin), insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylureas and glinides), glitazones, non-glitazone PPAR.gamma. agonists, PPAR.beta. agonists, inhibitors of DPP-IV, inhibitors of PDE5, inhibitors of GSK-3, glucagon antagonists, inhibitors of f-1 ,6-BPase (Metabasis/Sankyo), GLP-1/analogs (AC 2993, also known as exendin-4), insulin and insulin mimetics (Merck natural products), PKC-beta inhibitors, and AGE breakers.
A compound of the invention can be used in combination with any anti-obesity agent known in the art. Anti-obesity activity may be readily determined according to standard assays known in the art. Examples of suitable anti-obesity agents include, but are not limited to, phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phentermine, .beta..sub.3 adrenergic receptor agonists, apolipoprotein- B secretion/microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (apo-B/MTP) inhibitors, MCR-4 agonists, cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., sibutramine - U..S. Pat. No. 4,929,629), sympathomimetic agents, serotoninergic agents, cannabinoid receptor antagonists (e.g., rimonabant (SR-141.716A)), dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine - U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,752,814 and 3,752,888), melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor analogs, 5HT2c agonists, melanin concentrating hormone antagonists, leptin (the OB protein), leptin analogs, leptin receptor agonists, galanin antagonists, lipase inhibitors (e.g., tetrahydrolipstatin, i.e. orlistat), bombesin agonists, anorectic agents (e.g., a bombesin agonist), Neuropeptide-Y antagonists, thyroxine, thyromimetic agents, dehydroepiandrosterones or analogs thereof, glucocorticoid receptor agonists or antagonists, orexin receptor antagonists, urocortin binding protein antagonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, ciliary neurotrophic factors (e.g., Axokine.TM.), human agouti-related proteins (AGRP), ghrelin receptor antagonists, histamine 3 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, neuromedin U receptor agonists, and the like.
Any thyromimetic agent known in the art may also be used in combination with a compound of the invention. Thyromimetic activity may be readily determined according to standard assays (e.g., Atherosclerosis (1996) 126: 53-63). Examples of suitable thyromimetic agents include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,121 ; 4,826,876; 4,910,305; 5,061 ,798; 5,284,971 ; 5,401 ,772; 5,654,468; and 5,569,674.
A compound of the invention may further be used in combination with an anti-resorptive agent (e.g., progestins, polyphosphonates, bisphosphonate(s), estrogen agonists/antagonists, estrogen, estrogen/progestin combinations, Premarin.RTM., estrone, estriol or 17.alpha.- or 17.beta.-ethynyl estradiol). Exemplary progestins are available from commercial sources and include, but are not limited to: aigestone acetophenide, aitrenogest, amadinone acetate, anagestone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, cingestol, clogestone acetate, clomegestone acetate, delmadinone acetate, desogestrel, dimethisterone, dydrogesterone, ethynerone, ethynodiol diacetate, etonogestrel, flurogestone acetate, gestaclone, gestodene, gestonorone caproate, gestrinone, haloprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, levonorgestrel, lynestrenol, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, melengestrol acetate, methynodiol diacetate, norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, norethynodrel, norgestimate, norgestomet, norgestrel, oxogestone phenpropionate, progesterone, quingestanol acetate, quingestrone, and tigestol. Preferred progestins are medroxyprogestrone, norethindrone and norethynodrel.
Exemplary bone resorption inhibiting polyphosphonates include polyphosphonates of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,080. Preferred polyphosphonates are geminal diphosphonates (also referred to as bis-phosphonates), 6-amino-1-hydroxy-hexylidene-bisphosphonic acid and 1-hydroxy- 3(methylpentylamino)-propylidene-bisphosphonic acid. Tiludronate disodium, ibandronic acid, alendronate, resindronate, and zoledronic acid are each especially preferred polyphosphonates. The polyphosphonates may be administered in the form of the acid, or of a soluble alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt. Hydrolyzable esters of the polyphosphonates are likewise included. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, ethane-1 -hydroxy 1 ,1-diphosphonic acid, methane diphosphonic acid, pentane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid, methane dichloro diphosphonic acid, methane hydroxy diphosphonic acid, ethane-1 -amino-1 ,1 -diphosphonic acid, ethane-2-amino-1 ,1 - diphosphonic acid, propane-3-amino-1-hydroxy-1,1 -diphosphonic acid, propane-N,N-dimethyl-3- amino-1 -hydroxy-1 ,1-diphosphonic acid, propane-3,3-dimethyl-3-amino-1 -hydroxy-1 ,1-diphosphonic acid, phenyl amino methane diphosphonic acid, N,N-dimethylamino methane diphosphonic acid, N(2- hydroxyethyl) amino methane diphosphonic acid, butane-4-amino-1 -hydroxy-1 , 1 -diphosphonic acid, pentane-5-amino-1 -hydroxy- -1 ,1 -diphosphonic acid, hexane-6-amino-1 -hydroxy-1 ,1 -diphosphonic acid and pharmaceutically acceptable esters and salts thereof.
Any estrogen agonist/antagonist known in the art which bind with the estrogen receptor, inhibit bone turnover and/or prevent bone loss may be used in a combination of the invention. More specifically, an estrogen agonist may be any chemical compound capable of binding to the estrogen receptor sites in mammalian tissue, and mimicking the actions of estrogen in one or more tissue. An estrogen antagonist may be any chemical compound capable of binding to the estrogen receptor sites in mammalian tissue, and blocking the actions of estrogen in one or more tissues. Such activities may be readily determined according to standard assays, including estrogen receptor binding assays, and standard bone histomorphometric and densitometer methods (Eriksen E. F. et al., Bone Histomoφhometry, Raven Press, New York, 1994, pages 1-74; Grier S. J. et. al., 'The Use of Dual- Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry In Animals", Inv. Radiol., 1996, 31 (1):50-62; Wahner H. W. and Fogelman I., The Evaluation of Osteoporosis: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Clinical Practice., Martin Dunitz Ltd., London 1994, pages 1-296). Examples of a suitable estrogen agonist/antagonist is 3-(4-(1 ,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid (seeWillson et al., Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 3901- 3911 ); tamoxifen (ethanamine, 2-(-4-(1 ,2-diphenyl-1 -butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl, (Z)-2-, 2- hydroxy-1 ,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (1 :1)) and related compounds (U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,516); 4- hydroxy tamoxifen (U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,660); raloxifene (methanone, (6-hydroxy-2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thien-3-yl)(4-(2-(1 -piperidinyl)eth- oxy)phenyl)-hydrochloride)(U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,068); toremifene (ethanamine, 2-(4-(4-chloro-1 ,2-diphenyl-1-butenyI)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl~ , (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1 ,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (1 :1) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,225); centchroman (1-(2-((4-(- methoxy-2,2, dimethyl-3-phenyl-chroman-4-yl)-phenoxy)-ethyl)-p- yrrolidine)(U.S. Pat. No. 3,822,287); levormeloxifene; idoxifene ((E)-I -(2-(4-(1 -(4-iodo-phenyl)-2-phenyl-but-1 -enyl)-phenoxy)-ethyl)-pyrro- lidinone (U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,155); 2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenoxy]- benzo[b]thio- phen-6-ol (U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,058); 6-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-(4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)- benzyl)-naphthalen-2— ol (U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,795); (4-(2-(2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)~ethoxy)- phenyl)-(6-hydroxy-2-(4-hyd- roxy-phenyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-methanone (WO 95/10513 assigned to Pfizer Inc.); TSE-424 (Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories); arazoxifene; derivatives of 2-phenyl-3-aroyl- benzoth- iophene and 2-phenyl-3-aroylbenzothiophene-1-oxide(U.S. Pat. No. 4,133,814); estrogen agonist/antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,133,814; and estrogen agonist/antagonists described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,412. Especially preferred estrogen agonist/antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,412 are: cis-6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,- 7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol; (-)- cis-6-phenyl-5-(4-(2-pyrrolidin-1 -yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-te- trahydro-naphthalene-2-ol (also known as lasofoxifene); cis-6-phenyl-5-(4-(2-pyrrolidin-1 -yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrah- ydro-naphthalene- 2-ol; cis-1 -(6'-pyrrolodinoethoxy-3'-pyridyl)-2-phenyl-6-hydroxy-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene; 1 -(41- pyrrolidinoethoxyphenyl)-2-(4"-fluorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-1 ,2,3,- 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline; cis-6-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-(2-piperidin-1 -yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,- 7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol; and 1 -(41- pyrrolidinolethoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-6-hydroxy-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahyd- roisoquinoline.
Any anti-osteoporosis agent known in the art may be used in a combination of the invention. Examples include, but are not limited to, parathyroid hormone (PTH) (a bone anabolic agent); parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretagogues (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,774), particularly calcium receptor antagonists; calcitonin; and vitamin D and vitamin D analogs.
Any antihypertensive agent known in the art may be used in a combination of the invention. Antihypertensive activity may be determined according to standard tests (e.g. blood pressure measurements). Examples of suitable antihypertensive agents include, but are not limited to, (a) amlodipine and related dihydropyridine compounds (US Pat. Nos. 4,572,909 and 5,155,120) such as, but not limited to, amlodipine benzenesulfonate salt (also termed amlodipine besylate (Norvasc®))(U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,303) and other pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of amlodipine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,120); (b) calcium channel blockers such as, but not limited to, bepridil (U.S. Pat. No. 3,962, 238 or U.S. Reissue No. 30,577), clentiazem (U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,175), diltiazem (U.S. Pat. No. 3,562), fendiline (U.S. Pat. No. 3,262,977), gallopamil (U.S. Pat. No. 3,261,859); mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, aranipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, and perhexiline; (c) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ("ACE-lnhibitors") such as, but not limited to, alacepril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,883), benazepril (U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,520), captopril, ceronapril, delapril, enalapril, fosinopril, imadapril, lisinopril, moveltopril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, temocapril, and trandolapril; (d) angiotensin-ll receptor antagonists such as, but not limited to, candesartan (U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,444), eprosartan (U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,351), irbesartan, losartan, and valsartan; (e) beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta- or β- blockers) such as, but not limited to, acebutolol (U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,952), alprenolol, amosulalol (U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,305), arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol; and (f) alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers (alpha- or α-blockers) such as, but not limited to, amosulalol (U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,307), arotinolol (U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,400), dapiprazole, doxazosin, fenspiride, indoramin, labetolol, naftopidil, nicergoline, prazosin, tamsulosin, tolazoline, trimazosin, and yohimbine, which may be isolated from natural sources according to methods well known to those skilled in the art. Any compound that is known to be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease may be used in a combination of the invention. Such compounds include acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Examples of known acetylcholine esterase inhibitors include, but not limited to donepezil (Aricept®; US Patent Nos. 4,895,841 , 5,985,864, 6,140,321 , 6,245,911 and 6,372,760), tacrine (Cognex®; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631 ,286 and 4,816,456), rivastigmine (Exelon®; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,948,807 and 5,602,17) and galantamine (Reminyl; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,663,318 and 6,099,863).
The present invention contains compounds that can be synthesized in a number of ways familiar to one skilled in organic synthesis. The following non-limiting reaction schemes illustrate the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all variables in the reaction schemes and the discussion that follow are defined above. As would be understood by one of skill in the art, individual compounds may require manipulation of the conditions in order to accommodate various functional groups. A variety of protecting groups known to one skilled in the art may be required. Purification, if necessary, may be accomplished on a silica gel column eluted with the appropriate organic solvent system. Also, reverse phase HPLC or recrystallization may be employed.
Preparation of Invention Compounds
Scheme 1 below describes a general synthetic scheme for the preparation of a compound 9, wherein R2 is -C (O)NR2aR2b. from an ester 1.
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000025_0001
Scheme 1a below highlights the preparation of compounds of this invention wherein R2 is - C(O)NR2aR2b using compound 18 as a representative, non-limiting example. As shown, ethyl isovalerate 10 was deprotonated with lithium diisopropylamide, and the resulting enolate was trapped with dibenzyl oxalate to afford the β-ketoester 11. Condensation of 11 with 4-fluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride provides a hydrazone intermediate which, upon further heating at elevated temperature in the presence of acetic acid, cyclizes to give the hydroxypyrazole 13. The oxygen-linked mevalonate-type side chain was then installed under standard Mitsunobu conditions using commercially available t-butyl (3R,5S)-6-hydroxy-3,5-O-isopropylidene-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate to afford 14 which was then debenzylated by catalytic hydrogenation to provide the carboxylic acid 15. The acid was then converted to the amide 16, the acetonide protecting group was cleaved with HCI to give the diol 17, and the ferf-butyl ester was hydrolyzed with NaOH to give compound 18 which was isolated as a carboxylate salt. Scheme la
Figure imgf000026_0001
17 18
Biological Activity The compounds of the invention have demonstrated HMG Co-A reductase inhibition in standard assays commonly employed by those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., J. of Lipid Research 1998;39:75-84; Analytical Biochemistry, 1991 ;196:211-214; RR 740-01077 Pharmacology 8-Nov-82). Accordingly, such compounds as well as their pharmaceutical compositions and formulations are useful for treating, controlling or preventing inter alia hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis. A.) In Vitro assay
Rat Liver Microsomal Isolation Procedure:
Male Charles River Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with 2.5% cholestyramine in rat chow diets for 5 days before sacrificing. Livers were minced and homogenized in a sucrose homogenizing solution in an ice bath 10 times. Homogenates were diluted into a final volume of 200 mL, and centrifuged 15 min. with a Sorvall Centrifuge at 50C, 10,000 rpm (12,000 x G). The upper fat layer was removed and the supernatant decanted into fresh tubes. This step was repeated one more time before transferring the supernatant into ultracentrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 36,000 rpm (105,000 x G) for an hour at 50C. The resulting supernatant was discarded and the pellet was added to total of 15 mL 0.2 M KH2PO4. Pellets were homogenized gently by hand about 10 times. Samples were pooled and diluted into total of 60 imL buffer. The protein concentration of the homogenate was determined by the Lowry Method using a BCA (Bicinchoninic acid), kit from Pierce Chemical Company. 1 ml. aliquots of microsomes were kept frozen in liquid nitrogen.
HMGCoA (3-Hvdroxy-3-methylqlutaryl CoA^ Reductase Assay: 5 Materials and Methods:
[3-14C]-HMGCoA (57.0 mCi/mmol) was purchased from Amersham Biosciences, UK. HMGCoA, mevalonolactone, β-NADPH (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, Reduced form) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. AG 1-8X resin was purchased from Bio-Rad Laboratory.
10 One μL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 1 μl_ of DMSO containing a test compound at a concentration sufficient to give a final assay concentration of between 0.1 nM to 1 mM was placed into each well of a Corning 96 well plate. A Volume of 34 μL of buffer (100 mM NaH2PO4, 10 mM Imidazole and 10 mM EDTA), (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) containing with 50 μg/mL rat liver microsomes was added into each well. After incubation for 30 min. on ice, 15 μL of 14C-HMGCoA (0.024 μCi) with
15 15 mM NADPH , 25 mM DTT, (Dithiothreitol) was added and incubated at 370C for an additional 45 min. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 10 μL of HCI followed by 5 μL of mevalonolactone. Plates were incubated at room temperature overnight to allow lactonization of mevalonate to., mevalonolactone. The incubated samples were applied to columns containing 300 μL of AG1-X8 anion exchange resin in a Corning filter plate. The eluates were collected into Corning 96 well capture
20 plates. Scintillation cocktail (Ultima-Flo-M) was added into each well and plates counted on a Trilux Microbeta Counter. The IC50 values were calculated with GraphPad software (Prism). Procedure:
1. Add 1 μL DMSO or compounds into the wells according to the protocol
2. Add 35 μL incubation buffer with the rat microsomes into each well. Incubate 30 min. at 40C 25 3. Add 15 μL 14C-HMGCoA. Incubate 45 min. at 370C
4. Add 10 μL HCI stop reagent
5. Add 5 μL mevelonolactone. Incubate overnight at room temperature
6. Apply the containing into the AG 1-X8 anion exchange resin in Corning filter plate
7. Collect the eluate into Coming capture plate 30 8. Add scintillation cocktail Ultima-Flo-M
9. Count on a Trilux Microbeta Counter
10. Calculate IC50 values
Compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC50 values of less than about 500 nM in the aforementioned in vitro assay. Preferably, compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC50 values 35 of less than about 100 nM. More preferably, compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC50 values of less than about 20 nM.
B.) Cell Assay
Protocol for Sterol Biosynthesis in Rat Hepatocvtes: 40 Cell culture, compounds treatment and cell labeling: Frozen rat hepatocytes purchased from XenoTech(cat# N400572) are seeded on 6-well collagen I coated plates at a density of 105 cells/per well. The cells are grown in DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, #11054-020) containing 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) and 10 mM HEPES, (N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N1-2-ethane sulfonic acid) (Gibco # 15630-080) for 24 hrs. The cells are pre-incubated with compounds for 4 hrs and then labeled by incubating in medium containing 1 uCi/per ml_ of 14C acetic acid for an additional 4 hrs. After labeling, the cells are washed twice with 5 mM MOPS, (3-[N-morphoiino]propane sulfonic acid) solution containing 150 mM NaCI and 1 mM EDTA and collected in the lysis buffer containing 10% KOH and 80%(vol.) ethanol. Cholesterol extraction and data analysis: In order to separate labeled cholesterol from labeled non-cholesterol lipids, the cells lysates are subject to saponification at 6O0C for 2 hrs. The lysates are then combined with 0.5 volume of H2O and 2 volumes of hexane, followed by 30 minutes of vigorous shaking. After the separation of two phases, the upper-phase solution is collected and combined with 5 volumes of scintillation cocktail. The amount of 14C cholesterol is quantified by liquid scintillation counting. The IC50 values are calculated with GraphPad software (Prism 3.03).
Compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC50 values of less than about 1000 nM in the aforementioned cell assay. Preferably, compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC50 values of less than about 100 nM.
C.) Protocol for Sterol Biosynthesis in L6 Rat Myoblast:
Cell culture, compounds treatment and cell labeling:
L6 rat myoblast purchased from ATCC (CRL-1458) are grown in T-150 vented culture flasks and seeded on 12-well culture plates at a density of 60,000 cells per well. The cells are grown in DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, #10567-014) containing 10% heat inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) (Gibco # 10082-139) for 72 hours until reaching confluence. The cells are pre-incubated in media with compound and 0.2% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 3 hours and then labeled by incubating in medium containing compound, 0.2% DMSO and 1 μCi/per ml_ of 14C acetic acid for an additional 3 hours. After labeling, the cells are washed once with 1x PBS (Gibco #14190- 144) then lysed overnight at 40C in buffer containing 10% KOH and 78%(vol.) ethanol. Cholesterol extraction and data analysis:
Lipid ester bonds are hydrolyzed by saponification of the lysates at 6O0C for 2 hours. Sterols (including cholesterol) are extracted from saponified lysates by combining with 3 volumes of hexane and mixing by pipette 6 times. The upper organic phase solution is collected and combined with an equal volume of 1 N KOH in 50% methanol and mixed by pipette 6 times. The upper organic phase is collected in a scintilant-coated plate (Wallac #1450-501) and hexanes removed by evaporation at room temperature for 3 hours. The amount of 14C cholesterol is quantified by scintillation counting in a Trilux 1450 plate reader (Wallac). The IC50 values are calculated from % inhibitions relative to negative controls vs. compound concentration on Microsoft excel 2000 data analysis wizard using a sigmoid inhibition curve model with formula: y = Bmax (1 -(x7Kn+xn)) + y2 Where K is the IC50 for the inhibition curve, X is inhibitor concentration, Y is the response being inhibited and Bmax+Y2 is the limiting response as X approaches zero.
Compounds of the invention preferably exhibit a hepatocyte selectivity greater than about 1000 ((L6 IC50/ Rat hepatocyte IC50) > 1000), and have a L6 IC50 value greater than about 1000 nM.
Examples Preparation 1
(4S,6R)-5-(6-te/t-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-ylmethoxy)-1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4- isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
Figure imgf000029_0001
(a) Step 1 : Preparation of 2-isopropyl-3-oxo-succinic acid 4-benzyl ester 1 -ethyl ester
Figure imgf000029_0002
To a 1 L 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a dropping funnel, thermometer and nitrogen inlet was added a 2M solution of lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran (126.7 ml_, 253.5 mmol), followed by additional anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (127 ml_). The stirred solution was cooled to -760C, and ethyl isovalerate (34.72 ml_, 230.3 mmol) was added over approximately 10 mins while maintaining a temperature below -650C. After an additional 30 mins at -780C, a solution of dibenzyl oxalate (62.28 g, 230.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (186 ml.) was added dropwise over approximately 20 mins while maintaining a temperature below -650C. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to -350C with stirring over a period of 3 hrs and then to O0C over an additional 45 mins, at which point it was quenched with acetic acid (304.2 mmol, 17.4 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product as an orange liquid (102 g) which was carried into the next step without further purification. An analytically pure sample could be isolated by silica gel chromatography (5-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent). MS(APCI") m/z 291; NMR (400MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.35, 5.25, 4.05, 3.80, 2.44, 1.12, 0.97. (b) Step 2: Preparation of 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester
Figure imgf000029_0003
p-Fluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (33.7 g, 207 mmol, 0.9 equiv.) in water (16OmL) and acetonitrile (25OmL) was stirred at room temperature for 10 mins. The crude 2-isopropyl-3-oxo- succinic acid 4-benzyl ester 1 -ethyl ester (Step 1 , ~230mmol) was then added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours to give a biphasic mixture. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with methyl terf-butyl ether (200 mL). The original organic layer was diluted with methyl terf-butyl ether (500 mL), and the combined organic phase was washed with water (2 x 400 mL) and brine (400 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the hydrazone intermediate as a brown oil (107.7 g) which was carried into the next step without further purification.
A solution of this hydrazone in acetic acid (300 mL) was heated at reflux under nitrogen for 18 hrs, diluted with toluene (1 L) and stripped of solvents under reduced pressure. The resulting brown oil was diluted with ethyl acetate (700 mL), washed with water (2 x 40OmL) and brine (300 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The oily residue (115.5 g) was then purified by silica gel chromatography (10-20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to give the product as a brown gel (55.22 g, -75% yield). MS(APCI+) m/z 355; NMR (400MHz, CDCI3) shows product as a mixture of keto and enol forms.
(c) Step 3: Preparation of (4S,6R)-5-(6-fert-butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4- ylmethoxy)-1-(4-fluoro-pheny!)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester
Figure imgf000030_0001
A stirred mixture of 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (Step 2, 10.15 g, 28.64 mmol), (4R,6S)-(6-hydroxymethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-yl)- acetic acid tert-butyl ester (12.7 g, 48.7 mmol, commercially available as t-butyl (3R,5S)-6-hydroxy- 3,5-0-isopropylidene-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate) and triphenylphosphine (12.8 g, 48.7 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) under nitrogen was cooled in an ice-salt bath and treated with diethyl azodicarboxylate (7.67 mL, 48.7 mmol) dropwise over -15 mins. The resulting homogeneous mixture was stirred at -5-O0C for 30 mins and was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stir overnight. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure, the residue was triturated with diethyl ether (-400 mL) and the solids were removed by filtration and discarded. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, the trituration and filtration were repeated and the filtrate was concentrated once again. The amber residue was then purified by silica gel chromatography (4-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford the product (14.91 g, 87%) as pale amber gum. MS(APCI') m/z 597. (d) Step 4: Preparation of (4S,6R)-5-(6-ferf-butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4- ylmethoxy)-1 -(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid A solution of (4S,6R)-5-(6-ferf-butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-ylmethoxy)-1 -
(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (Step 3, 14.9 g, 25.0 mmol) in ethyl acetate (300 mL) containing a small amount of triethylamine (6 drops) was hydrogenated over 10% palladium-on-carbon (1.5 g) under a hydrogen atmosphere (10 psi) for 30 mins. The catalyst was removed by filtration through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (12.7 g, 100%) as an off-white solid. MS(APCI+) m/z 507; NMR (400MHz, DMSO- cfe) δ 7.68, 7.30, 4.14, 4.06, 3.75, 3.66, 3.27, 2.30, 2.10, 1.37, 1.33, 1.24, 1.16, 1.07.
Preparation 2: N-Methyl-2,3-difluorobenzylamine
Figure imgf000031_0001
A solution of 2,3-difluorobenzaldehyde (5.00 g, 35.2 mmol) in methanol (35 mL) was treated with 40% aqueous methylamine (12.2 mL, 141 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was then cooled in an ice bath and treated with sodium borohydride (2.66 g, 70.4 mmol) portionwise. Gas evolution was observed. After complete addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr, and the solvent was then removed under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between dichloromethane and water, the layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound (4.67 g, 84%) as a cloudy oil. MS(APCI+) m/z 158; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.24, 7.10, 3.65, 2.20.
Preparation 3: N-Methyl-3-ethoxybenzylamine
Figure imgf000031_0002
The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to that described in Preparation 2, substituting 3-ethoxybenzaldehyde for 2,3-difluorobenzaldehyde. MS(APCI+) m/z 166; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.14, 6.82, 6.70, 3.94, 3.55, 2.20, 1.24.
Preparation 4: N-Methyl-4-trifluoromethoxybenzylamine
CVoCF3 -NH ^=/ The title compound was prepared by a method analogous to that described in Preparation 2, substituting 4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzaldehyde for 2,3-difluorobenzaldehyde. MS(APCI+) m/z 206; NMR (400MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.33, 7.15, 3.73, 2.43 .
Example 1 (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3.5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000032_0001
(a) Step 1 : Preparation of (4R,6SH6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy- benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxymethyll-2,2-dimetriyl-f1.31dioxan-4-yl)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000032_0002
A stirred solution of (4S,6R)-5-(6-terf-butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4- ylmethoxy)-1 -(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropy!-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (Preparation 1 , 0.400 g, 0.790 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml_) under a nitrogen atmosphere was treated with N-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.227 g, 1.18 mmol) and 1- hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (0.181 g, 1.18 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 mins. The mixture was then treated with 3-methoxybenzylamine (0.123 ml_, 0.948 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs and was then diluted with dichloromethane (25 ml_), washed with 0.1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 ml_), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 ml_) and brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (20-25% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent) to afford the product (0.435 g, 88%) as a clear gum. MS(APCI+) m/z 626. (b) Step 2: Preparation of (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)- 2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000032_0003
A solution of (4R,6S)-{6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxymethyl]-2,2-dimethyl-[1 ,3]dioxan-4-y!}-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (Step 1 , 0.400 g, 0.639 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was treated with 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid (1.60 mL, 1.60 mmol), the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hrs, and the solvents were then removed under reduced pressure. The residue was quickly partitioned between ethyl acetate (30 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL), the layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (25-45% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent) to afford the product (0.335 g, 89%) as a clear gum. MS(APCl+) m/z 586. (c) Step 3: Preparation of (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)- 2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
A solution of (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester (Step 2, 0.305 g, 0.521 mmol) in methanol (8 mL) was treated with 1.028 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.532 mL, 0.547 mmol), stirred for 3 days (reaction generally complete within 24 hrs) and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove solvent. The residue was dissolved up in a minimum of 10% methanol/dichloromethane (~2 mL), diluted with dichloromethane (-10 mL), filtered to remove any particulate matter, concentrated under reduced pressure to remove all solvents once again and then triturated with diethyl ether (25 mL) with stirring. The white precipitate was isolated by filtration and dried @ 35-450C under reduced pressure to give the title compound (0.279 g, 97%) as a white solid. MS(APCI+) m/z 530; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 8.66, 7.74, 7.35, 7.30, 7.17, 6.84, 6.74, 5.12, 4.34, 3.80, 3.67, 3.65, 3.25, 1.94, 1.76, 1.34, 1.23.
The following examples were prepared by a method analogous to that described in Example 1 , substituting the appropriate primary or secondary amines (commercially available or prepared as in Preparations 2 to 4) for 3-methoxybenzylamine in Step 1 of Example 1.
Example 2
(3R.5S)-6-r5-Benzylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000033_0001
MS(APCI") m/z 498; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 8.68, 7.74, 7.43, 7.26, 7.16, 5.12, 4.37, 3.80,
3.65, 3.27, 1.94, 1.73, 1.33, 1.23.
Example 3
(3R,5S)-6-r5-(Benzyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3.5- dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000033_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 514; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 7.65, 7.58, 7.26, 5.11 , 4.62, 4.57, 3.81 , 3.72, 3.65, 2.92, 2.86, 2.83, 1.94, 1.73, 1.36, 1.16 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 4
(3R,5S)-6-r5-fBenzyl-ethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5- dihvdroxv-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000034_0001
MS(APCl") m/z 526; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.67, 7.58, 7.42, 7.30, 7.23, 5.12, 4.62, 4.53, 3.80, 3.72, 3.65, 3.25, 2.92, 1.94, 1.73, 1.35, 1.15, 1.03 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 5 (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000034_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 512; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 8.61 , 7.74, 7.40, 7.29, 7.13, 7.06, 5.11 , 4.31 , 3.79, 3.66, 3.25, 2.21 , 1.93, 1.73, 1.33, 1.23. Example 6
(3R,5S)-6-r5-(3-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3.5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000034_0003
MS(APCI") m/z 532; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 8.80, 7.78, 7.33, 7.26, 5.14, 4.38, 3.82, 3.69, 3.27, 1.97, 1.78, 1.36, 1.25.
Example 7
(3R.5S)-6-r5-(4-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000035_0001
MS(APCI") m/z 516; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-c/6) δ 8.71 , 7.74, 7.47, 7.30, 7.09, 5.12, 4.34, 3.79, 3.66, 3.25, 1.93, 1.71 , 1.33, 1.23.
Example 8 (3R,5S)-6-r5-(4-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000035_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 532; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 8.77, 7.78, 7.32, 5.14, 4.37, 3.82, 3.69, 3.28, 1.97, 1.78, 1.37, 1.25. Example 9
(3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl- 3.5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000035_0003
MS(APCl") m/z 566; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 8.85, 7.77, 7.66, 7.51 , 7.43, 7.33, 5.14, 4.47, 3.82, 3.69, 3.28, 1.97, 1.76, 1.36, 1.25.
Example 10
(3R,5S)-6-r5-(2,4-Difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000035_0004
MS(APCI") m/z 534; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 8.71 , 7.77, 7.37, 7.33, 7.18, 7.03, 5.14, 4.41 , 3.82, 3.69, 3.28, 1.97, 1.77, 1.36, 1.25.
Example 11
(3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxynnethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000036_0001
MS(APCI') m/z 542; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Qf6) δ 8.71 , 7.77, 7.48, 7.32, 7.25, 7.14, 5.14, 4.39, 4.35, 3.82, 3.69, 3.31 , 3.24, 1.96, 1.74, 1.36, 1.26.
Example 12 (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methoxymethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl- 3.5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000036_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 542; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.69, 7.77, 7.44, 7.32, 7.25, 5.14, 4.39, 4.34, 3.82, 3.69, 3.31 , 3.23, 1.96, 1.74, 1.36, 1.25. Example 13
(3R,5S)-6-r5-r(2-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamovn-2-(4-fluoro-phenvπ-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl- 3.5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
MS(APCI") m/z 530; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.68, 7.60, 7.42, 7.30, 7.20, 7.15, 5.14, 4.74, 4.71 , 3.82, 3.74, 2.94, 2.90, 1.96, 1.75, 1.38, 1.17, 1.13 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 14
(3R,5SV6-r5-r(3-Fluoro-benzyl)-metriyl-carbamoyll-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1- 3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000037_0001
MS(APCI") /77/Z530; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 7.65, 7.58, 7.44, 7.36, 7.26, 7.08, 5.11 , 4.63, 4.59, 3.80, 3.71 , 3.68, 2.92, 2.89, 2.85, 1.93, 1.73, 1.35, 1.15 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 15 (3R,5S)-6-r5-r(4-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyll-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl- 3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000037_0002
MS(APCI") /TJ/Z530; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 7.65, 7.61 , 7.52, 7.34, 7.26, 7.14, 5.12, 4.60, 4.55, 3.80, 3.72, 3.64, 2.91 , 2.86, 2.82, 1.93, 1.72, 1.34, 1.15 (mixture of amide rotamers). Example 16
(3R.5S)-6-(2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-r(3-methoxy-benzyl)-metriyl-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy)-3.5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000037_0003
MS(APCI+) A77/Z 544; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 7.67, 7.61 , 7.27, 7.20, 6.85, 6.79, 5.12, 4.60, 4.53, 3.81, 3.72, 3.69, 3.67, 3.63, 2.92, 2.86, 2.83, 1.95, 1.75, 1.37, 1.16 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 17
(3R,5S)-6-(2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-rmethyl-(4-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxyl-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000037_0004
MS(APCO m/z 526; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.67, 7.63, 7.38, 7.28, 7.20, 7.16, 5.14, 4.60, 4.54, 3.84, 3.75, 3.68, 2.92, 2.85, 2.83, 2.26, 2.24, 1.97, 1.77, 1.38, 1.18 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 18
(3R.5SV6-r5-Ethylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-prienylV4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5-dihvdroxy- hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000038_0001
MS(APCI") m/z 436; NMR (400MHz1 DMSO-Cf6) δ 8.09, 7.72, 7.35, 7.29, 5.10, 3.78, 3.65, 3.25, 3.18, 1.94, 1.72, 1.33, 1.24, 1.03.
Example 19 (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-propylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5-dirivdroxy- hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000038_0002
MS(APCO m/z 450; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-c/6) δ 8.08, 7.72, 7.43, 7.29, 5.10, 3.78, 3.65, 3.25, 3.11 , 1.94, 1.72, 1.45, 1.35, 1.23, 0.81. Example 20
(3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-phenethylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3.5-dihvdroxy- hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000038_0003
MS(APCI") m/z 512; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 8.16, 7.72, 7.36, 7.22, 7.14, 5.11 , 3.79, 3.65, 3.40, 3.25, 2.76, 1.94, 1.72, 1.33, 1.22.
Example 21
(3R,5S)-6-r5-(Cvclopentylmethyl-carbamovπ-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000039_0001
MS(APCI") m/z 490; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-ofe) δ 8.08, 7.74, 7.34, 7.30, 5.11 , 3.79, 3.66, 3.24, 3.09, 2.07, 1.94, 1.74, 1.58, 1.52, 1.43, 1.34, 1.23, 1.19.
Example 22 (3R,5S)-6-r5-(Cvclohexylmethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000039_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 504; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Qf6) δ 8.07, 7.75, 7.32, 5.13, 3.82, 3.68, 3.25, 3.03, 1.97, 1.77, 1.64, 1.58, 1.49, 1.36, 1.25, 1.13, 0.87. Example 23
(3R,5S)-6-f2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000039_0003
MS(APCI") m/z 478; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Qf6) δ 8.07, 7.75, 7.41 , 7.32, 5.13, 3.81 , 3.68, 3.25, 3.20, 1.97, 1.77, 1.55, 1.36, 1.25, 0.87.
Example 24
(3R.5S)-6-r5-(Cvclopentylmethyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy1-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000039_0004
MS(APCI") m/z 504; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.66, 7.38, 7.29, 5.14, 3.82, 3.73, 3.37, 2.94,
2.93, 2.89, 2.22, 1.97, 1.77, 1.56, 1.38, 1.24, 1.18, 1.12 (mixture of amide rotamers). Example 25 f3R,5S)-6-(2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-rmethyl-((1 R)-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxyl-3.5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000040_0001
MS(APCI') m/z 526; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.64, 7.37, 7.33, 7.26, 5.91 , 5.31 , 5.12, 3.81 ,
3.73, 3.65, 2.90, 2.61 , 2.59, 1.94, 1.73, 1.49, 1.35, 1.20, 1.17, 1.14 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 26 (3R.5S)-6-f2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-phenyl-piperidine-1-carboπyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3.5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000040_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 552; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.70, 7.64, 7.45, 7.31 , 7.22, 7.15, 5.14, 4.53, 3.78, 3.73, 3.10, 2.93, 2.88, 2.76, 2.71 , 1.95, 1.76, 1.49, 1.39, 1.21 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 27
(3R.5S)-6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-((3S)-phenyl-piperidine-1 -carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000040_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 554; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.70, 7.64, 7.31 , 7.22, 7.15, 5.14, 4.53, 3.78, 3.73, 3.70, 3.10, 2.93, 2.87, 2.76, 2.70, 1.97, 1.76, 1.49, 1.39, 1.21 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 28 (3R,5S)-6-(3-(3-cvanobenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000041_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 525; NMR (400MHz1 DMSO-Cf6) δ 8.82, 7.74, 7.66, 7.60, 7.50, 7.41 , 7.30, 5.11 , 4.41 , 3.79, 3.67, 1.95, 1.76, 1.38, 1.23.
Example 29 (3R.5S)-6-(3-(4-cvanobenzylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000041_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 525; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 8.84, 7.75, 7.45, 7.33, 5.12, 4.43, 3.79, 3.67, 1.92, 1.76, 1.35, 1.22. Example 30
(3R.5S)-6-(3-(2-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000041_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 530; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.42, 7.76, 7.41 , 7.30, 7.17, 6.94, 6.85, 5.11 , 4.36, 3.79, 3.77, 3.67, 1.95, 1.76, 1.39, 1.23.
Example 31
(3R.5S)-6-(3-(4-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3.5- dihydroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000041_0004
MS(APCI+) m/z 530; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 8.58, 7.74, 7.45, 7.29, 7.20, 6.83, 5.10, 4.29, 3.79, 3.67, 3.64, 1.95, 1.75, 1.37, 1.22.
Example 32
(3R,5SV6-f3-(N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H- pyrazol-5-yloxyV3,5-dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000042_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 582; NMR (400MHz, DMSOcZ6) δ 7.70, 7.51 , 7.27, 7.20, 5.11 , 4.71 , 3.74, 2.90, 1.92, 1.76, 1.36, 1.16 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 33 (3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3.5-dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000042_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 550; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.66, 7.59, 7.45, 7.27, 7.07, 5.11 , 4.65, 3.80, 3.72, 3.65, 2.91 , 1.92, 1.76, 1.37, 1.13 (mixture of amide rotamers). Example 34
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(2,3-difluorobenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000042_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 550; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.66, 7.58, 7.45, 7.27, 7.24, 7.17, 5.11 , 4.72, 3.80, 3.74, 3.68, 2.94, 1.95, 1.74, 1.35, 1.14 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 35
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(3-ethoxybenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000043_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 558; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.65, 7.46, 7.27, 6.85, 6.77, 5.11 , 4.59, 3.95, 3.89, 3.81 , 3.74, 3.64, 2.96, 2.85, 1.95, 1.76, 1.37, 1.22 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 36 (3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyra2ol- 5-yloxy)-3,5-dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000043_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 574; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.66, 7.27, 6.45, 6.37, 4.56, 3.80, 3.73, 3.68, 3.62, 2.93, 2.85, 1.92, 1.74, 1.35, 1.17 (mixture of amide rotamers). Example 37
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(isopropylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000043_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 452; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 7.75, 7.42, 7.29, 5.10, 4.00, 3.79, 3.65, 1.92, 1.76, 1.35, 1.23, 1.08.
Example 38
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(cvclohexylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000043_0004
MS(APCI+) m/z 492; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 7.75, 7.42, 7.29, 5.10, 3.78, 3.64, 1.95, 1.74, 1.66, 1.55, 1.26, 1.23.
Example 39
(3R,5SV6-(3-(isobutylcarbamoylV1-(4-flυorophenylV4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000044_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 466; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 8.07, 7.75, 7.39, 7.30, 5.10, 3.79, 3.66, 3.00, 1.96, 1.77, 1.39, 1.24, 0.82.
Example 40 (3R,5S)-6-(3-(2-phenyl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3.5- dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000044_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 554; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.67, 7.48, 7.43, 7.31 , 7.20, 5.85, 5.24, 5.11 , 4.44, 3.72, 2.95, 2.62, 2.39, 1.93, 1.77, 1.60, 1.38, 1.21. Example 41
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(1 ,3-dihvdro-isoindole-2-carbonyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000044_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 512; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 7.75, 7.45, 7.30, 5.13, 4.95, 4.80, 3.83, 3.73, 3.66, 3.11 , 1.97, 1.75, 1.39, 1.21.
Example 42
(3R,5S)-6-(3-((pyridin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihvdroxyhexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000045_0001
MS(APCl+) m/z501 ; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-GQ δ 8.73, 8.45, 7.76, 7.71 , 7.31 , 7.20, 4.48, 3.80, 3.67, 1.96, 1.76, 1.38, 1.24.
Example 43 (3R,5R)-6-r2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000045_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z514; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 8.54, 7.75, 7.36, 7.28, 7.10, 5.12, 4.35, 3.80, 3.65, 3.27, 2.44, 1.94, 1.73, 1.33, 1.24. Example 44
(3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3.5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000045_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 514; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 8.62, 7.74, 7.49, 7.29, 7.14, 7.06, 7.04, 5.12, 4.33, 3.80, 3.65, 3.27, 2.22, 1.91 , 1.73, 1.33, 1.24.
Example 45
(3R, 5S)-6-r5-(3,4-difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000045_0004
MS(APCI+) m/z 536; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.76, 7.74, 7.44, 7.30, 7.11 , 5.11 , 4.33, 3.80, 3.66, 3.25, 1.92, 1.73, 1.33, 1.22.
Example 46
(3R, 5S)-6-r5-(2.3-difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000046_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 536; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 8.74, 7.74, 7.27, 7.12, 4.45, 3.78, 3.66, 3.25, 1.95, 1.77, 1.35, 1.22.
Example 47 (3R,5S)-r2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2-phenyl-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5- dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000046_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 540; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-αfe) δ 7.70, 7.46, 7.21 , 6.94, 5.33, 5.13, 3.9, 3.71 , 3.45, 3.25, 3.0, 2.65, 2.30, 1.92, 1.73, 1.33, 1.15, 093. Example 48
(3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(piperidine-1 -carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3,5-dihvdroxy- hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000046_0003
MS(APCI+) m/z 478; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.63, 7.55, 7.26, 5.11 , 3.80, 3.71 , 3.66, 3.53, 3.30, 3.16, 2.87, 1.93, 1.73, 1.56, 1.47, 1.33, 1.15.
Example 49
(3R,5S)-6-r5-cvclopentylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy1-3,5-dihvdroxy- hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000047_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z478; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-αfe) δ 7.87, 7.73, 7.48, 7.29, 5.10, 4.13, 3.77, 3.63, 3.24, 1.93, 1.80, 1.72, 1.46, 1.34, 1.22.
Example 50 (3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxyl-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000047_0002
MS(APCI+) m/z 584 ; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 8.76, 7.74, 7.49, 7.37, 7.28, 5.11 , 4.38, 3.79, 3.66, 3.25, 1.92, 1.72, 1.35, 1.22. Example 51
(3R,5S)- 6-r2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(pyrrolidine-1 -carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl-3.5- dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000047_0003
MS(APCI') m/z 462; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Of6) δ 7.66, 7.57, 7.27, 5.12, 3.68, 3.48, 3.39, 3.01 , 1.92, 1.75, 1.36, 1.17 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 52
(3R.5S)-6-(2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-rmethyl-(3-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy)-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000047_0004
MS(APCI+) m/z 528; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.64, 7.50, 7.27, 7.22, 7.09, 5.11 , 4.55, 3.72, 3.25, 2.93, 2.83, 2.24, 1.93, 1.72, 1.36, 1.16 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 53
(3R, 5SV6-f2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-rmethyl-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-carbamovn-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy)-3.5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000048_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 582; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.62, 7.41 , 7.27, 7.22, 7.09, 5.11 , 4.69, 3.72, 3.25, 2.93, 2.88, 1.94, 1.73, 1.14 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 54 (3R,5S)-6-r5-(cyclohexylmethyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-prienyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl- 3.5-dihydroxy-hexanoate
Figure imgf000048_0002
MS(APCI") 518 m/z ; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-αfe) δ 7.63, 7.27, 5.11 , 3.80, 3.69, 3.24, 2.85, 1.92, 1.57, 1.35, 1.15, 1.05, 0.93, 0.74 (mixture of amide rotamers). Example 55
(3R,5S)-6-r2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-trifluoromethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy1-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000048_0003
MS(APCI") m/z 584; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-αfe) δ 8.80, 7.74, 7.49, 7.40, 7.30, 7.23, 7.17, 5.12, 4.40, 3.79, 3.36, 3.26, 1.92, 1.73, 1.33, 1.22.
Example 56
(3R,5S)-(2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-f(4-methoxy-benzvπ-methyl-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy)-3,5-dirivdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000049_0001
MS(APCI+) m/z 544; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-αfe) δ 7.64, 7.46, 7.24, 5.11 , 4.54, 4.47, 3.73, 3.68, 3.24, 2.91 , 2.80, 1.92, 1.73, 1.35, 1.14 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 57 (3R,5S)-6-(2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-rmethyl-(4-trifluoromethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyll-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000049_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 598; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 7.65, 7.56, 7.30, 5.12, 4.64, 4.61 , 3.80, 3.72, 3.66, 3.24, 2.92, 2.90, 1.93, 1.72, 1.34, 1.14 (mixture of amide rotamers). Example 58
(3R,5S)-6-f5-(3,4-dihvdro-1H-isoquinoline-2-carbonyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxyl-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000049_0003
MS(APCI") m/z 524; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ 7.68, 7.55, 7.28, 7.12, 5.13, 4.74, 4.57, 3.76, 3.73, 3.65, 3.24, 2.92, 2.82, 1.92, 1.72, 1.37, 1.16, 1.05 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 59
(3R,5S)-6-(2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-fmethyl-(2-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyll-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy)-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000050_0001
MS(APCI") m/z 528; NMR (400MHz, DMSOd6) δ 7.68, 7.54, 7.47, 7.30, 7.23, 7.17, 5.14, 4.67, 4.65, 3.97, 3.76, 3.71 , 3.29, 2.95, 2.88, 2.28, 2.12, 1.96, 1.76, 1.38, 1.21 , 1.16 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 60
(3R,5S)-6-r5-r(3,4-difluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamovn-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy1-3,5-dihvdroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000050_0002
MS(APCI") m/z 550; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-αfe) δ 7.65, 7.58, 7.41 , 7.35, 7.26, 7.14, 5.12, 4.60, 4.54, 3.80, 3.72, 3.67, 3.30, 2.93, 2.86, 1.91 , 1.71 , 1.34, 1.15, 1.03 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Example 61
(3R.5S)-6-r5-r(3-chloro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyll-2-(4-fluoro-phenvπ-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxyl- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000050_0003
MS(APCI") m/z 546; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 7.68, 7.63, 7.52, 7.34, 7.27, 5.14, 4.65, 4.60, 3.83, 3.74, 3.66, 3.29, 2.95, 2.89, 1.94, 1.75, 1.38, 1.18.
Example 62 (3R,5S)-6-(2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-r(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-carbamovn-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy)- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoate sodium salt
Figure imgf000051_0001
MS(APCI") m/z 548; NMR (400MHz, DMSO-Cf6) δ 8.79, 7.81 , 7.75, 7.51 , 7.42, 7.29, 4.54, 3.80, 3.65, 3.27, 1.92, 1.72, 1.34, 1.23 (mixture of amide rotamers).
Figure imgf000052_0001
All publications, including but not limited to, issued patents, patent applications, and journal articles, cited in this application are each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Although the invention has been described above with reference to the disclosed embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are only illustrative of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.

Claims

The claimed invention is:
1. A compound of the formula (I):
Figure imgf000054_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R1 is optionally substituted;
R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, NC-,
R2bR2aNCO(CH2)n -, R2bR2a NS(O)n-, R20S(O)n-,
R2bR2a N(CH2),-, R2b^J-C(O)NR2a(CH2)n-, R2b-J-SO2NR2a(CH2)n-,
R2b-J-SONR2a(CH2)n, R'00C(CH2)n-, or R'CO(CH2)n-; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl , aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R2 is optionally substituted;
J is a direct bond, O, or N;
R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl(CH2)n-, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl of R2aand R2b is optionally substituted; or R2a and R2b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-11 member saturated or unsaturated, mono- or polycyclic ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted with at least one of aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, halogen, R1O-, R'00C(CH2)n-, R'R"NCO(CH2)n-, R'O2S(CH2)n-, R11R1NSO2- or NC-;
R20 is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R20 is optionally substituted;
R and R" are each independently hydrogen, C1-Ci2 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; where alkyl, aryl or aralkyl of R' and R" is optionally substituted;
n is 0, 1 or 2; and
R3 is hydrogen, C-|.6 alkyl, C3.8cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R3 is optionally substituted.
2. A compound of claim 1 having the following (3R, 5S) stereospecific formula (Ia):
Figure imgf000055_0001
3. A compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is optionally substituted CrC7 alkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkyl.
4. A compound of claim 3, wherein R3 is optionally substituted aryl.
5. A compound of claim 4, wherein R1 is isopropyl.
6. A compound of claim 4, wherein R3 is p-fluorophenyl.
7. A compound of formula (II):
Figure imgf000055_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein:
R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, (C3-C8)cycIoalkyl(CH2)n-, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl of R2aand R2b is optionally substituted; or R2a and R2b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-11 member saturated or unsaturated, mono- or polycyclic ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted with at least one of aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, halogen, RO-, R'OOC(CH2)n-, R'R"NCO(CH2)n-, R'O2S(CH2)n-, R11R1NSO2- or NC-; and
n is O, 1 , or 2.
8. A compound of claim 7, wherein R2a is:
Figure imgf000055_0003
where R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; q is 0, 1 or 2; each R6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy; p is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is O.
9. A compound of claim 7 or 8 having the following (3R, 5S) stereospecific formula (Ua):
Figure imgf000056_0001
10. A compound of formula (IV):
Figure imgf000056_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, halogen, CrC7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of Ri is optionally substituted;
R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, NC-, R2bR2aNCO(CH2)n -, R2bR2a NS(O)n-, R20S(O)n-, R2bR2a N(CH2)n-, R2b-J-C(O)NR2a(CH2)n-, R2b-J- SO2NR2a(CH2)n-, R2b- J-SON R2a(CH2)n, R'OOC(CH2)n-, or R'CO(CH2)n-; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl , aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R2 is optionally substituted;
J is a direct bond, O, or N;
R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, (C3-C8)cycloa!kyl(CH2)n-, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl of R2aand R2b is optionally substituted; or R2a and R2b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-11 member saturated or unsaturated, mono- or polycyclic ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted with at least one of aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, halogen, R1O-, R'OOC(CH2)n-, R'R"NCO(CH2)n-, R'O2S(CH2)n-, R"R'NSO2- or NC-;
R2c is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R20 is optionally substituted; R and R" are each independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; where alkyl, aryl or aralkyl of R' and R" is optionally substituted;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
R3 is hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, C3.8cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R3 is optionally substituted.
11. A compound selected from the group consisting of:
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(SR.δSJ-δ-β-Benzylcarbamoyl^-^-fluorophenyO^-isopropyl^H-pyrazol-S-yloxyl-S.δ- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(3-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(4-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(4-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-t2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-(2,4-Difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methoxymethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-methoxymethyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-Ethylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-propylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-phenethylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Cyclopentylmethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Cyclohexylmethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (SR.δSJ-δ-^-CΦFIuoro-phenyO-Φisopropyl-S-Ca-methyl-butylcarbamoyO^H-pyrazol-S-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(3-cyanobenzy!carbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-(3-(4-cyanobenzylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-f luorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(2-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(isobutylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-f!uorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-((pyridin-2-yl)methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5R)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-(3-(4-methoxybenzylcarbamoyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(isopropylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5- dihydroxyhexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-methyl-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R, 5S)-6-[5-(3,4-difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyI-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R, 5S)-6-[5-(2,3-difluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-cyclopentylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(4-trifluoromethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-trifluoromethoxy-benzylcarbamoy!)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yioxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[(naphtha!en-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-(3-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-
3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(2-Fluoro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(2-Chloro-benzylcarbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropy!-2H-pyrazoI-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-Butylcarbamoyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-methylcarbamoyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-trifluoromethy!-benzylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; and
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylcarbamoyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
12. A compound selected from the group consisting of:
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Benzyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]- 3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-[5-(Benzyl-ethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(2-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(3-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(4-Fluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[(3-methoxy-benzyi)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(4-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-(Cyclopentylmethyl-methyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-((1 R)-phenyl-ethyl)-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H- pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(2,3-difluorobenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H- pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(3-ethoxybenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1H- pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-methylcarbamoyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; (SR.SSJ-e^-C^fluoro-phenyO-Φisopropyl-δ-Imethyl-lS-methyl-benzyO-carbamoyll-aH-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R, 5S)-6-{2-(4-fIuoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
5 (3R,5S)-6-[5-(cyclohexylmethyl-mθthyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phθnyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[(4-methoxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(4-trifluoromethoxy-benzyl)-carbamoyl]- 10 2H-pyrazo!-3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-{2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-[methyl-(2-methyl-benzyl)-carbamoyl]-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[5-[(3,4-difluoro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; and
15 (3R,5S)-6-[5-[(3-chloro-benzyl)-methyl-carbamoyl]-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-
3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
20 13. A compound selected from the group consisting of:
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(3-phenyl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-((3S)-phenyl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
25 (3R,5S)-6-(3-(2-phenyl-piperidine-1 -carbonyl)-1 -(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-(3-(1 ,3-dihydro-isoindole-2-carbonyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5- yloxy)-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(2-phenyl-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3- 30 yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)-6-[2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(piperidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy- hexanoic acid;
(3R,5S)- 6-[2-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-5-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5- dihydroxy- hexanoic acid; and
35 (3R,5S)-6-[5-(3,4-dihydro-1 H-isoquinoline-2-carbonyl)-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yloxy]-3,5-dihydroxy- hexanoic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, hydrate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug.
40 14. A compound of any one of claims 1 -13, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt. 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle.
5 16. A method of treating a subject suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH), diabetes and osteoporosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1 -13 to the subject in need thereof.
10 17. A combination comprising a compound of of any one of claims 1-13 and a pharmaceutically active agent.
18. The combination of claim 17 wherein said pharmaceutically active agent is a CETP inhibitor, a PPAR- activator, an MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption 15 inhibitor, HDL-cholesterol raising agent, triglyceride lowering agent, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, a cholesterol modulating agent, a f ibrate, niacin, an ion-exchange resin, an antioxidant, an ACAT inhibitor, bile acid sequestrant, an anti-hypertensive agent, or an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor.
19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the combination of claim 17 or 18 and a 20 pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, solvent or vehicle.
20. A compound of formula (V):
Figure imgf000061_0001
wherein:
25 R-i is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of Ri is optionally substituted;
R2 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C7 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, NC-, R2bR2aNCO(CH2)n -, R2bR2a NS(O)n-, R20S(O)n-, 30 R2bR2a N(CH2)n-, R2b-J-C(O)NR2a(CH2)n-, R26-J-SO2N R2a(CH2)n-,
R2b-J-SONR2a(CH2)n, R'OOC(CH2)n-, or R'CO(CH2)n-; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl , aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R2 is optionally substituted;
J is a direct bond, O, or N; 35 R2a and R2b are each independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, (C3-C8)cycloalkyl(CH2)n-, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl of R2aand R2b is optionally substituted; or R2a and R2b taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-11 member saturated or unsaturated, mono- or polycyclic ring optionally containing at least one additional heteroatom selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted with at least one of aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, C1-Ci0 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, halogen, R1O-, R'OOC(CH2)n-, R'R"NCO(CH2)n-, RO2S(CHa)n-, R11R1NSO2- or NC-;
R2c is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl of R2cis optionally substituted;
R and R" are each independently hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; where alkyl, aryl or aralkyl of R' and R" is optionally substituted;
n is 0, 1 or 2;
R3 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C3.8cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl; where alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl of R3 is optionally substituted; and
R7 is alkyl.
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