WO2015036379A1 - Fungicidal compositions containing thiazolylisoxazoline fungicide and biological fungicide - Google Patents

Fungicidal compositions containing thiazolylisoxazoline fungicide and biological fungicide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015036379A1
WO2015036379A1 PCT/EP2014/069132 EP2014069132W WO2015036379A1 WO 2015036379 A1 WO2015036379 A1 WO 2015036379A1 EP 2014069132 W EP2014069132 W EP 2014069132W WO 2015036379 A1 WO2015036379 A1 WO 2015036379A1
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strain
bacillus
accession
nrrl
plant
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PCT/EP2014/069132
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French (fr)
Inventor
Ulrike Wachendorff-Neumann
Stefan Hillebrand
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Bayer Cropscience Ag
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Publication of WO2015036379A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015036379A1/en

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/72Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/80Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,2

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel compositions, to a process for preparing these compositions and to the use thereof as biologically active compositions, especially for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in plants, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
  • BCAs biological control agents
  • compositions which exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi in plants in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
  • it was a further particular object of the present invention to reduce the application rates and broaden the activity spectrum of the fungicides and the biological control agents, and thereby to provide a composition which, prefera- - - bly at a reduced total amount of active compounds applied, has improved activity against phytopathogenic fungi.
  • compositions comprising
  • R 1 represents phenyl, which is at least substituted with one methylsulfonyloxy and optionally be additionally substituted by one substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl, methoxy, fluoro or chloro, or an agrochemically acceptable salt thereof,
  • the biological control agent comprises bacteria, fungi, proteins or secondary metabolites, act in a fungicidal fashion.
  • compositions act in a synergistic fashion.
  • the invention also comprises a method for preparing an agricultural composition comprising adding agriculturally suitable components such as suitable extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners, adjuvants or the like to the composition according to the invention. Furthermore the invention comprises a method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi, comprising applying the composition to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi.
  • the problem underlying the present invention has been solved by providing novel compositions which exhibit fungicidal and/ or synergistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi in plants, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
  • the novel compositions according to the invention enable reduced application rates and broaden the activity spectrum of the fungicides and the biological control agents.
  • the novel compositions provide improved activity against phytopathogenic fungi and consequently provide efficient disease control for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables.
  • pesticidal means the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of phytopathogenic fungi.
  • the definition also comprises the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of phytopathogenic fungi and / or plant pests.
  • the term is used herein, to describe the property of a substance to exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi, insects, mites and / or nematodes. - -
  • Fungicides as well as the terms “fungicidal” and “acting in a fungicidal fashion” refer to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rates of phytopathogenic fungi. Fungicides can be used in crop protection for control of phytopathogenic fungi. They are characterized by an outstanding efficacy against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi. As used herein, the term “phytopathogenic fungi” comprises all or- ganisms of the kingdom of fungi which can cause damage of plants and / or damage of plant parts and /or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables. Specific phytopathogenic fungi are described later.
  • Insecticides as well as the term “insecticidal” refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of insects. As used herein, the term “insects” comprises all organisms in the class "Insecta”.
  • Nematicide and “nematicidal” refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of nematodes.
  • nematode comprises eggs, larvae, juvenile and mature forms of said organism.
  • Acaricide and “acaricidal” refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of ectoparasites belonging to the class Arachnida, sub-class Acari.
  • biological control is defined as control of harmful organisms such as a phytopathogenic fungi and/or insects and/or acarids and/or nematodes by the use or employment of a biological control agent.
  • biological control agent is defined as a second organism and / or proteins or second- ary metabolites produced by such a second organism for the purpose of biological control. Mutants of the second organism shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent.
  • mutant refers to a variant of the parental strain as well as methods for obtaining a mutant or variant in which the pesticidal activity is greater than that expressed by the parental strain.
  • parent strain is defined herein as the original strain before mutagenesis.
  • the parental strain may be treated with a chemical such as N- methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethylmethanesulfone, or by irradiation using gamma, x-ray, or UV- irradiation, or by other means well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a chemical such as N- methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethylmethanesulfone, or by irradiation using gamma, x-ray, or UV- irradiation, or by other means well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Known mechanisms of biological control agents comprise enteric bacteria that control root rot by out-competing fungi for space on the surface of the root.
  • Bacterial toxins, such as antibiotics have been used to control pathogens.
  • the toxin can be isolated and applied directly to the plant or the bacterial species may be administered so it produces the toxin in situ.
  • a "variant” is a strain having all the identifying characteristics of the NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers as indicated in this text and can be identified as having a genome that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the genome of the NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers.
  • Hybridization refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues.
  • the hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence-specific manner.
  • the complex may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi-stranded complex, a single self-hybridizing strand, or any combination of these.
  • Hybridization reactions can be performed under conditions of different "stringency". In general, a low stringency hybridization reaction is carried out at about 40 °C in 10 X SSC or a solution of equivalent ionic strength/temperature. A moderate stringency hybridization is typically performed at about 50 °C in 6 X SSC, and a high stringency hybridization reaction is generally per- formed at about 60 °C in 1 X SSC.
  • a variant of the indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number may also be defined as a strain having a genomic sequence that is greater than 85%, more preferably greater than 90% or more preferably greater than 95% sequence identity to the genome of the indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number.
  • a polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has a certain percentage (for example, 80%>, 85%o, 90%o, or 95%o) of "sequence identity" to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example, those described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987).
  • NRRL is the abbreviation for the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, an international depositary authority for the purposes of deposing microorganism strains under the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, having the address National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North university Street, Peroira, Illinois 61604 USA.
  • ATCC is the abbreviation for the American Type Culture Collection, an international depositary authority for the purposes of deposing microorganism strains under the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, having the address ATCC Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard., Manassas, VA 10110 USA.
  • biological control agents (B) are particularly selected from the group consisting of:
  • bacteria include spore- forming, root-colonizing bacteria, or bacteria and their metabolites useful as biological fungicides, biological insecticdes, biological nematicdes or biological miti- cides, or soil amendments improving plant health and growth.
  • examples of such bacteria to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the inven- tion): Bl.l Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (e.g. SERENADE MAX from Bayer CropScience - -
  • B1.17 Bacillus firmus in particular, strain CNMC 1-1582 (e.g. VOTTVO from Bayer CropScience); B1.18 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ30002, (having Accession No. NRRL B-50421 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576); Bl .19 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ30004 (having Accession No. NRRL B-50455 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576); B1.20 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain D747 (e.g.
  • B1.25 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI 600 e.g. Subtilex from Becker Underwood, US
  • B1.26 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GB03 e.g. Kodiak® from Bayer Crop Science AG, DE
  • B1.27 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 101 e.g. Shelter from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA
  • B1.28 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 102 e.g. Artemis from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA
  • B1.29 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate B246 e.g.
  • B1.30 Bacillus licheniformis in particular strain SB3086 (e.g. EcoGuard TM Biofungicide and Green Re- leaf from Novozymes); B1.31 Pseudomonas syringae, in particular strain MA-4 (e.g. Biosave from EcoScience, US); B1.32 Pseudomonas syringae strain 742RS (e.g. Frostban C from Frost Technology Corp); B1.33 Pseudo- monas fluorescens, in particular strain 1629RS (e.g.
  • B1.34 Streptomyces galbus Streptomyces griseoviridis
  • strain K61 Accession No. DSM 7206; e.g. Mycostop® from Verdera, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475
  • B1.35 Streptomyces lydicus in particular strain WYEC108 (e.g. Actinovate from Natural Industries, US)
  • B 1.36 Agrobacterium radiobacter in particular strain K84 (e.g. Galltrol- A from AgBioChem, CA); B 1.37 Agrobacterium radiobacter strain Kl 026 (e.g.
  • MB 1-206 TGAI from Marrone Bio Innovations
  • B1.47 Chromobacterium subtsugae in particular strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203; e.g. Grandevo from Marrone Bio Innovations)
  • B1.48 Paenibacillus popilliae for- merly Bacillus popilliae; e.g. Milky spore disease from St.
  • Bio-Tode from Agro- Organics, SA B1.56 Bacillus megaterium, strain YFM3.25 (e.g. Bioarc from BioArc); B1.57 Bacillus mojaven- sis, strain SR11 (CECT-7666) by Probelte, Sa; B1.58 Bacillus nematocida; B1.59 Pasteuria nishizawae (e.g. oyacyst LF/ST from Pasteuria Bioscience); B 1.60 Pasteuria penetrans (formerly Bacillus penetrans, e.g. Pasteuria wettable powder from Pasteuria Bioscience); B1.61 Pasteuria usgae (e.g.
  • B1.62 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces lydicus (commercially e.g. ACTINOVATE ® ); B1.63 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces saraceti- cus (e.g. Clanda from A & A Group (Agro Chemical Corp.); B 1.64 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a; B1.65 Bacillus cereus, in particular strain BP01 (ATCC 55675, e.g.
  • B1.71 Streptomyces acidiscabies in particular strain RL-110T (e.g. MBI-005EP from Marrone Bioinnovations, CA); B1.72 Bacillus azotoformans; B1.73 Bacillus smithii; B1.74 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain DB 101; B1.75 Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296); B1.76 Pantoea agglomerans, in particular strain E325 (Accession No. NRRL B-21856); B1.77 Bacillus coagulans, in particular strain TQ33; B1.78 Bacillus popilliae (e.g.
  • Cronox by Bio-Crop, CO Cronox by Bio-Crop, CO); B1.79 Bacillus cepacia (e.g. Deny Stine by Microbial Products); B1.80 Lactobacillus acidophilus (e.g. Fruitsan by Inagrosa-Industrias Agrobiologicas, S.A); B1.81 Lysobacter enzymogenes, in particular strain C3 (cf. J Nematol. 2006 June; 38(2): 233-239); B1.82 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular strain WS-1; B1.83 Pseudomonas aureofaciens, in particular strain TX-1 (e.g.
  • B1.84 Pseudomonas cepacia (formerly known as Burkholderia cepacia), in particular type Wisconsin, strain M54;
  • B1.85 Pseudomonas cepacia (formerly known as Burkholderia cepacia), in particular type Wisconsin, strain J82;
  • B1.86 Pseudomonas chlororaphis in particular strain 63-28 (e.g. ATEze by EcoSoil Systems);
  • B1.87 Pseudomonas fluorescens in particular strain A506 (e.g. Blightban by NuFarm and also e.g.
  • Frostban B by Frost Technology Corp B1.88 Pseudomonas resinovorans (e.g. Solanacure by Agricultural Research Council, SA); B1.89 Streptomyces sp., in particular strain WYE 324 (KCTC0342BP); B1.90 Streptomyces candidus, in particular strain Y21007-2 (e.g. BioBac by Biontech, TW); B1.91 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis; e.g. Brevisin); B1.92 Pectobacterium carotovorum (formerly Erwinia caroto- vora; e.g.
  • B1.129 Xanthomonas campestris (herbicidal activity), in particular pv poae (e.g. Camperico); B1.130 Agrobacte- rium vitis, in particular the non-pathogenic strain VAR03 - 1 ; B 1.131 Bacillus acidocaldarius; B 1.132 Bacillus aci- doterrestris; B1.133 Bacillus alcalophilus; B1.134 Bacillus alvei; B1.135 Bacillus aminoglucosidicus; B1.136 Ba- cillus aminovorans; B1.137 Bacillus amylolyticus; B1.138 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain B3; B1.139 Bacillus aneurinolyticus; Bl.l 40 Bacillus atrophaeus; B 1.141 Bacillus badius; Bl.l 42 Bacillus circulans; Bl.l 43 Bacillus fastidiosus; B
  • B 1.150 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain BMP 144 e.g. Aquabac by Becker Microbial Products IL
  • B1.151 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies. Ae- gypti e.g. Agerin
  • Bl.l 52 Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis strain 24-91 (e.g. Baciturin);
  • Bl.l 53 Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (e.g. Dendrobacillin);
  • Bl.l 54 Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae; Bl.l 55 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
  • Bl.l 56 Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (e.g. M-One® by Mycogen Corporation, US); B1.157 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1, strain MPPL002; B1.158 Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis; B 1.159 Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (e.g. Amactic and Pethian); B 1.160 Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (e.g.
  • NRRL B-30232 B 1.1.11 Bacillus chi- tinosporus, strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618); B 1.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662); Bl.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B- 21665); 1.1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372); Bl.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; B 1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No.
  • DSM 7206 Bl.1.35 Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYEC108; Bl.1.36 Agrobacterium radiobacter, strain K84; Bl.1.40 Bacillus sphaericus, Serotype H5a5b strain 2362; Bl.1.42 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, serotype H-7; Bl.1.46 Burkholderia spp., strain A396 (Accession No.
  • fungi comprises all organisms belonging to the kingdom of fungi, including yeast, useful as biological fungicides, biological insecticdes, biological nematicdes or biological miticides, or soil amendments improving plant health and growth.
  • yeast useful as biological fungicides, biological insecticdes, biological nematicdes or biological miticides, or soil amendments improving plant health and growth.
  • Examples of such fungi to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM-9660; e.g. Contans ® from Encore Technologies, LLC); B2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, in particular strain NRRL Y-30752 (e.g.
  • NRRL 30548 B2.8 Paeci- lomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550; e.g. BioAct from Prophyta); B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces yZavws,strain VI 17b (e.g. PROTUS® WG by Prophyta, DE); B2.l l Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. - -
  • B2.16 Pseudozyma aphidis B2.17 Pseudozyma aphidis (from Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem); B2.18 Arthrobotrys dactyloides; B2.19 Arthrobotrys oligospora; B2.20 Ar- throbotrys superba; B2.21 Aspergillus flavus, strain NRRL 21882 (e.g. Afla-Guard® from Syngenta); B2.22 Aspergillus flavus, strain AF36 (e.g. AF36 from Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, US); B2.23 Cryp- tococcus albidus (e.g.
  • Esquive® WP from Agrauxine, FR B2.49 Trichoderma atroviride, strain LC52 (e.g. Tenet by Agrimm Technologies Limited); B2.50 Trichoderma atroviride, strain ATCC 20476 (IMI 206040); B2.51 Trichoderma atroviride, strain Ti l (EVII352941/ CECT20498); B2.52 Trichoderma harmatum; B2.53 Trichoderma harzianum; B2.54 Trichoderma harzianum rifai T39 (e.g. Trichodex® from Makhteshim, US); B2.55 Trichoderma harzianum, in particular, strain KD (e.g.
  • Trichoplus from Biological Control Products, SA (acquired by Becker Underwood)); B2.56 Trichoderma harzianum, strain KD (e.g. Eco-T from Plant Health Products, SZ); B2.57 Trichoderma harzianum, strain TH35 (e.g. Root-Pro by Mycontrol); B2.58 Trichoderma virens (also known as Gliocladium virens), in particular strain GL-21 (e.g. SoilGard 12G by Certis, US); B2.59 Trichoderma viride, strain TVl(e.g. Trianum-P by Koppert); B2.60 Beauveria bassiana, strain ATCC 74040 (e.g.
  • B2.61 Beauveria bas- siana strain GHA (Accession No. ATCC 74250; e.g. BotaniGuard Es and Mycontrol-0 from Laverlam Interna- - - tional Corporation); B2.62 Beauveria bassiana strain ATP02 (Accession No. DSM 24665); B2.63 Beauveria bas- siana strain CG 716 (e.g. BoveMax® from Novozymes); B2.64 Hirsutella citriformis; B2.65 Hirsutella thomp- sonii (with some strains e.g.
  • PreFeRal® WG from Biobest
  • B2.76 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea) strain FE 9901 e.g. NoFly® from Natural Industries Inc., a Novozymes company
  • B2.77 Harposporium anguillullae B2.78 Hirsutella minnesotensis
  • B2.81 Myrothecium verrucaria strain AARC-0255 (e.g.
  • B2.82 compositions comprising the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (commercially available as e.g. MELOCON ® or BIOACTj; B2.83 Paecilomyces variotii, strain Q-09 (e.g. Nemaquim® from Quimia, MX); B2.84 compositions comprising the bacterium Pasteuria including Pasteuria usgae (commercially available as e.g. ECONEM ® ); B2.85 Stagonospora phaseoli (commercially available e.g. from Syngenta); B2.86 Trichoderma lignorum, in particular strain TL-0601 (e.g.
  • B2.87 Penicillium bilaii strain ATCC 22348 (e.g. JumpStart® from Novozymes); B2.88 Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC 22348 (e.g. PB-50 PROVIDE from Philom Bios Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan); B2.89 Rhizopogon amylopogon (e.g. Myco-Sol from Helena Chemical Company); B2.90 Rhizopogon fulvigleba (e.g. Myco-Sol from Helena Chemical Company); B2.91 Trichoderma harzianum, strain TSTh20; B2.92 Phoma macrostroma, strain 94-44B (e.g.
  • Twist Fungus B2.108 Fusarium oxysporum, strain Fo47 (e.g. Fusaclean by Natural Plant Protection); B2.109 Gliocladium catenulatum (Synonym: Clonosta- chys rosea f. catenulate) strain J 1446 (e.g. Prestop ® by AgBio Inc. and also e.g. Primastop® by Kemira Agro Oy); B2.110 Penicillium vermiculatum; B2.111 Pichia anomala, strain WRL-076 (NRRL Y-30842); B2.112 Pseudozyma flocculosa, strain PF-A22 UL (e.g.
  • T-Gro 7456 by Dagutat Biolab B2.118 Trichoderma polysporum, strain IMI 206039 (e.g. Binab TF WP by ⁇ Bio-Innovation AB, Sweden); B2.119 Trichoderma stromaticum (e.g. Tricovab by Ceplac; Brazil); B2.120 Tsukamurella paurometabola, strain C-924 (e.g. HeberNem®); B2.121 Ulocladium oudemansii, in particular strain HRU3 (e.g. Botry-Zen® by Botry-Zen Ltd, NZ); B2.122 Verticillium albo-atrum (formerly V.
  • strain WCS850 CBS 276.92; e.g. Dutch Trig by Tree Care Innovations
  • B2.123 Aschersonia aleyrodis B2.124 Beauveria brongniartii (e.g. Beaupro from Andermatt Biocontrol AG); B2.125 Conidiobolus obscurus
  • B2.126 Entomophthora virulenta e.g. Vektor from Ecomic
  • B2.128 Metarhizium flavoviride B2.129 Mucor haemelis (e.g. BioAvard from Indore Biotech Inputs & Research)
  • B2.130 Pandora delphacis B2.131 Sporothrix insectorum (e.g.
  • B2.142 Stagonospora heteroderae B2.143 Glomus aggregatum; B2.144 Glomus clarum; B2.145 Glomus deserticola; B2.146 Glomus etunicatum; B2.147 Glomus intraradices; B2.148 Glomus monosporum; B2.149 Glomus mosseae; B2.150 Laccaria bicolor; B2.151 Rhizopogon luteolus; B2.152 Rhizopogon tinctorus; B2.153 Rhizopogon vil- losulus; B2.154 Scleroderma cepa; B2.155 Suillus granulatus; B2.156 Suillus punctatapies; B2.157 Trichoderma harzianum, strain 1295-22; B2.158 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, strain ATCC 20358 (e.g.
  • such biological control agents which are summarized under the term fungi according to the invention include: B2.2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM- 9660); B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799 (Ac- - - cession No. NRRL 30547); B2.2.8 Paecilomyces lilacinus, spores of P.
  • examples of protozoas to be used or employed according to the invention are (the num- bering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B3.1 Nosema locustae (product known as e.g. NoloBait); B3.2 Thelohania solenopsis and B3.3 Vairimorpha spp..
  • viruses to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B4.1 Adoxophyes or ana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV); (product known as e.g. BIOFA - Capex®); B4.2 Agrotis segetum (turnip moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV); B4.3 Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (product known as e.g. Polygen); B4.4 Autographa californica (Alfalfa Looper ) mNPV (product known as e.g.
  • VPN80 from Agricola El Sol
  • B4.5 Biston suppressaria (tea looper) NPV B4.6 Bombyx mori (silkworm) NPV
  • B4.7 Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) GV product known as e.g. Cryptex
  • B4.8 Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) product known as e.g. Madex Plus
  • B4.9 Dendrolimus punctatus (Mas- son pine moth) CPV
  • B4.10 Helicoverpa armigera NPV product known as e.g. AgBiTech - ViVUS Max
  • B4.10 Helicoverpa armigera NPV product known as e.g. AgBiTech - ViVUS Max
  • NPV previously He liothis
  • zea corn earworm
  • NPV product known as e.g. Elcar
  • B4.12 Leu- coma salicis satin moth
  • B4.13 Lymantria dispar gypsy moth
  • B4.14 Neodiprion abietis balsam-fir sawfly
  • NPV product known as e.g. Abietiv
  • NPV red-headed pinesawfly
  • B4.16 Neodiprion sertifer (Pine sawfly) NPV product known as e.g. Neocheck-S
  • B4.17 Orgyia pseudotsugata Douglas-fir tussock moth
  • NPV tobacco leaf miner
  • GV Phthorimaea operculella
  • B4.24 Spodoptera frugiperda fall armyworm
  • mNPV product known as e.g. Baculovirus VPN
  • B4.25 Spodoptera littoralis tobacco cutworm
  • NPV procucts known as Spodoptrin from NPP Calliope France
  • B4.26 Spodoptera litura orientation leafworm moth
  • NPV product known as e.g. Littovir
  • Heterorhabditis spp. in particular Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (product known as e.g. B-Green); or Heterorhabditis baujardi, or Heterorhabditis heliothidis (product known as e.g.
  • Heterorhabditis indica Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis megidis, Heterorhabditis zealandica
  • B5.18 Hexamermis spp. B5.19 Hydromermis spp.
  • B5.20 Isomermis spp. B5.21 Limnomermis spp.; B5.22 Maupasi- na weissi; B5.23 Mermis nigrescens; B5.24 Mesomermis spp.; B5.25 Neomesomermis spp.; B5.26 Neoparasity- lenchus rugulosi; B5.27 Octomyomermis spp.; B5.28 Parasitaphelenchus spp.; B5.29 Parasitorhabditis spp.; B5.30 Parasitylenchus spp.; B5.31 Perutilimermis culicis; B5.32 Ph
  • Nematac S Stei- nernema scarabaei, or Steinernema siamkayai; B5.41 Strelkovimermis peterseni; B5.42 Subulura spp.; B5.43 Sulphuretylenchus elongatus and B5.44 Tetrameres spp
  • proteins or secondary metabolite refers to any compound, substance or byproduct of a fermentation of a microorganism that has pesticidal activity.
  • the definition comprises any compound, substance or byproduct of a fermentation of a microorganism that has fungicidal activity.
  • proteins or secondary metabolites to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B6.1 Harpin (isolated by Erwinia amylovora, product known as e.g.
  • such biological control agents which are summarized under the term proteins or secondary metabolites according to the invention comprise B6.6.2 terpene constituents of extract of Che- nopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides as synthetically manufactured.
  • compositions disclosed herein are also applicable to respective embodiments of other aspects disclosed herein.
  • biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of
  • Bl.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); B1.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153 (Accession No. NRRL 55614); B 1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608); B1.4 Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609); B 1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No.
  • NRRL B- 21664 Bl.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662); Bl.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21665); B 1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663); Bl.1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS-1857 (SD- 1372); Bl.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; Bl.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No.
  • amy- loliquefaciens strain FZB24 B 1.1.23 Paenibacillus polymyxa, strain AC-1; B1.24 Pseudomonas prora- ife,B1.25 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI 600; B1.26 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GB03; B1.27 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 101; B1.28 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 102; B1.29 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate B246 ; B 1.1.30 Bacillus licheniformis, strain SB3086; B 1.1.31 Pseudomonas syrin- gae, strain MA-4,B1.32 Pseudomonas syringae strain 742RS; B 1.1.33 Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain 1629RS; B 1.1.34 Strepto
  • DSM 7206 DSM 7206); Bl.1.35 Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYEC108; Bl .1.36 Agrobacterium radiobacter, strain K84; B1.37 Ag- robacterium radiobacter strain K1026; B1.38 Bacillus lentimorbus; SI.39 Bacillus mycoides, isolate J.; B 1.1.40 Bacillus sphaericus, Serotype H5a5b strain 2362; B 1.41 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 from Becker Microbial Products, IL; B 1.1.42 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, serotype H-7; B1.43 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
  • israeltaki strain HD-1 B1.44 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176; B1.45 Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis strain Buibui; Bl.1.46 Burkholderia spp., strain A396 (Accession No. NRRL B-50319); B l.1.47 Chromobacterium subtsugae, strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203); B1.48 Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly Bacillus popilliae); B1.49 Xenorhabdus luminescens; SI.50 - 7 -
  • Xenorhabdus nematophila 51.1.51 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (serotype H-14); Bl.1.52 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain FZB42; B1.53 Bacillus cereus; B1.54 spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM 1-1562; B1.55 Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus); B1.56 Bacillus megaterium, strain YFM3.25; B1.57 Bacillus mojavensis, strain SRI 1 (CECT-7666); B1.58 Bacillus nemato- cida; 51.59 Pasteuria nishizawae; B 1.60 Pasteuria penetrans (formerly Bacillus penetrans); B 1.61 Pasteuria usgae; B1.62 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces lydicus;
  • strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM-9660); B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fruc- ticola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799 (Accession No. NRRL 30547); B2.5 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SCI; B2.6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2 (also known as strain T-22, /ATCC Accession No. 208479); B2.7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No.
  • NRRL 30548 B2.2.8 Paecilomyces lilacinus, spores of P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550); B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces flavus, strsLm VI 17b; B2.11 Trichoderma atro- viride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002388; B2.13 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002389; B2.14 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No.
  • biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); B1.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153 (Accession No. NRRL 55614); B1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608); B1.4 Bacillus sp. - - strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609); B1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No.
  • NRRL B-21664 B 1.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662); B 1.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21665); B1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663); Bl .1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS- 1857 (SD-1372); B 1.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; B 1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No. NRRL B-50421); Bl.1.19 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455.
  • biological control agents selected from the group of fungi consisting of B2.2.1 Coni- othyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM-9660); B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799 (Accession No. NRRL 30547); B2.5 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SCI; B2.6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2 (also known as strain T-22, /ATCC Accession No. 208479); B2.7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No.
  • biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of B 1.1 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (available as SERENADE MAX from Bayer CropScience LP, US, having NRRL Accession No. B21661and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,060,051); B1.6 Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (available as Sonata® from Bayer CropScience LP, US, having Accession No. NRRL B-30087 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,245,551) and Bl.18 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ30002, (having Accession No. NRRL B-50421 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576).
  • biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087) and Bl.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No. NRRL B- 50421).
  • composition shall mean a physical mixture comprising compounds of the formula (I) and at least one biological control agent.
  • compositions comprising a - 7 - compound of the formula (I) and at least on biological control agent may comprise more compounds or more biological control agents than the actually cited ones, i.e. the composition may further comprise at least one compound (C) selected from the group consisting of fungicides.
  • the term “comprising” also encloses “consisting of and “including”.
  • At least one shall refer to either one compound or biological control agent or the like, but also encompasses the presence of at least two, at least three or at least four compounds or biological control agents or the like.
  • compositions may be used alone or in combination with other active ingredients such as fungicides.
  • active ingredients such as fungicides.
  • the ac- tive ingredients specified herein by their "common name" are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual.
  • a compound can be present in tautomeric form, such a compound is understood herein before mentioned and herein below also to include, where applicable, corresponding tautomeric forms, even when these are not specifically mentioned in each case.
  • fungicides examples include (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): 1) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example (1.1) aldimorph, (1.2) azaconazole, (1.3) bitertanol, (1.4) bromuconazole, (1.5) cyproconazole, (1.6) diclobutrazole, (1.7) difenoconazole, (1.8) diniconazole, (1.9) diniconazole-M, (1.10) dodemorph, (1.11) dode- morph acetate, (1.12) epoxiconazole, (1.13) etaconazole, (1.14) fenarimol, (1.15) fenbuconazole, (1.16) fen- hexamid, (1.17) fenpropidin, (1.18) fenpropimorph, (1.19) fluquinconazole, (1.20) fli ⁇ rimid
  • Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or II for example (2.1) bixafen, (2.2) boscalid, (2.3) carboxin, (2.4) diflumetorim, (2.5) fenfuram, (2.6) fluopyram, (2.7) flutolanil, (2.8) fluxapyroxad, (2.9) furametpyr, (2.10) furmecyclox, (2.11) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.12) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.13) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (2.14) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (2.15) isopyrazam (syn epime- ric racemate 1RS,4
  • Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III for example (3.1) ametoctradin, (3.2) amisulbrom, (3.3) azoxystrobin, (3.4) cyazofamid, (3.5) coumethoxystrobin, (3.6) coumoxystrobin, (3.7) dimoxystrobin, (3.8) enoxastrobin, (3.9) famoxadone, (3.10) fenamidone, (3.11) flufenoxystrobin, (3.12) fluoxastrobin, (3.13) kre- soxim-methyl, (3.14) metominostrobin, (3.15) orysastrobin, (3.16) picoxystrobin, (3.17) pyraclostrobin, (3.18) pyrametostrobin, (3.19) pyraoxystrobin, (3.20) pyribencarb, (3.21) triclopyricarb, (3.22) trifloxystrobin, (3.23) (2E)-2-(2- ⁇ [6-(3
  • Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division for example (4.1) benomyl, (4.2) carbendazim, (4.3) chlorfenazole, (4.4) diethofencarb, (4.5) ethaboxam, (4.6) fluopicolide, (4.7) fuberidazole, (4.8) pencycuron, (4.9) thiabendazole, (4.10) thiophanate-methyl, (4.11) thiophanate, (4.12) zoxamide, (4.13) 5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-l- yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[l,2,4]triazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine, (4.14) 3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl- 4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine.
  • Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis for example (7.1) andoprim, (7.2) blasticidin-S, (7.3) cyprodinil, (7.4) kasugamycin, (7.5) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, (7.6) mepanipyrim, (7.7) pyrimetha- nil, (7.8) 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-l-yl)quinoline, (7.9) oxytetracycline, (7.10) streptomycin. 8) Inhibitors of the ATP production, for example (8.1) fentin acetate, (8.2) fentin chloride, (8.3) fentin hydroxide, (8.4) silthiofam.
  • Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis for example (9.1) benthiavalicarb, (9.2) dimethomorph, (9.3) flumorph, (9.4) iprovalicarb, (9.5) mandipropamid, (9.6) polyoxins, (9.7) polyoxorim, (9.8) validamycin A, (9.9) valife- nalate, (9.10) polyoxin B.
  • Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis for example (10.1) biphenyl, (10.2) chloroneb, (10.3) di- cloran, (10.4) edifenphos, (10.5) etridiazole, (10.6) iodocarb, (10.7) iprobenfos, (10.8) isoprothiolane, (10.9) propamocarb, (10.10) propamocarb hydrochloride, (10.11) prothiocarb, (10.12) pyrazophos, (10.13) quintozene, (10.14) tecnazene, (10.15) tolclofos-methyl.
  • Inhibitors of the melanin biosynthesis for example (11.1) carpropamid, (11.2) diclocymet, (11.3) fenoxanil, (11.4) phthalide, (11.5) pyroquilon, (11.6) tricyclazole, (11.7) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ⁇ 3 -methyl- 1- [(4- methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl ⁇ carbamate.
  • Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis for example (12.1) benalaxyl, (12.2) benalaxyl-M (kiralaxyl), (12.3) bupirimate, (12.4) clozylacon, (12.5) dimethirimol, (12.6) ethirimol, (12.7) furalaxyl, (12.8) hymexazol, (12.9) - - metalaxyl, (12.10) metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), (12.11) ofurace, (12.12) oxadixyl, (12.13) oxolinic acid, (12.14) octhilinone.
  • Inhibitors of the signal transduction for example (13.1) chlozolinate, (13.2) fenpiclonil, (13.3) fludioxonil, (13.4) iprodione, (13.5) procymidone, (13.6) quinoxyfen, (13.7) vinclozolin, (13.8) proquinazid.
  • Compounds capable to act as an uncoupler for example (14.1) binapacryl, (14.2) dinocap, (14.3) ferimzone,
  • composition according to the present invention comprises compounds of the formula (I) and at least a biological control agent
  • the final used composition is usually formulated to be suitable for agrochemical application e.g. by mixing the compounds of the formula (I) with the biological control agent and an additional component such as suitable extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners, adjuvants or the like.
  • suitable extenders e.g., solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners, adjuvants or the like.
  • suitable extenders solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners, adjuvants or the like.
  • Those compositions are referred to as formulations. - -
  • such formulations, and application forms prepared from them are provided as crop protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, such as drench, drip and spray liquors, comprising the composition of the invention.
  • the application forms may comprise activity- enhancing adjuvants such as penetrants, examples being vegetable oils such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, mineral oils such as, for ex- ample, liquid paraffins, alkyl esters of vegetable fatty acids, such as rapeseed oil or soybean oil methyl esters, or alkanol alkoxylates, and/or spreaders such as, for example, alkylsiloxanes and/or salts, examples being organic or inorganic ammonium or phosphonium salts, examples being ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and/or retention promoters such as dioctyl sulphosuccinate or hydroxypropylguar polymers and/or humec- tants such
  • formulations include water-soluble liquids (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions in water (EW), suspension concentrates (SC, SE, FS, OD), water-dispersible granules (WG), granules (GR) and capsule concentrates (CS); these and other possible types of formulation are described, for example, by Crop Life International and in Pesticide Specifications, Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers - 173, prepared by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pes- ticide Specifications, 2004, ISBN: 9251048576.
  • the formulations may comprise active agrochemical compounds other than one or more active compounds of the invention.
  • the formulations or application forms in question preferably comprise auxiliaries, such as extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, biocides, thickeners and/or other auxiliaries, such as adjuvants, for example.
  • auxiliaries such as extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, biocides, thickeners and/or other auxiliaries, such as adjuvants, for example.
  • An adjuvant in this context is a component which enhances the biological ef- feet of the formulation, without the component itself having a biological effect.
  • adjuvants are agents which promote the retention, spreading, attachment to the leaf surface, or penetration.
  • auxiliaries such as, for example, extenders, solvents and/or solid carriers and/or further auxiliaries, such as, for example, surfactants.
  • auxiliaries such as, for example, extenders, solvents and/or solid carriers and/or further auxiliaries, such as, for example, surfactants.
  • the formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before or during the application.
  • auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the formulation of the active compound or the application forms prepared from these formulations (such as, e.g., usable crop protection agents, such as spray liquors or seed dressings) particular properties such as certain physical, technical and/or biological properties.
  • Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the clas- ses of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chloro- benzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
  • the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chloro- benzenes
  • suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alco- hols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
  • aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
  • chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride
  • Suitable solvents are, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, for example, chlorinated aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene, chloroethylene or methylene chloride, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, for example, paraffins, petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, iso- propanol, butanol or glycol, for example, and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, for example, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and water.
  • aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
  • chlorinated aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlor
  • Suitable carriers are in particular for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes and/or solid fertilizers. Mixtures of such carriers may likewise be used.
  • Carriers suitable for granules include the following: for example, crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepio- lite, dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material such as sawdust, paper, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
  • Liquefied gaseous extenders or solvents may also be used. Particularly suitable are those extenders or carriers which at standard temperature and under standard pressure are gaseous, examples being aerosol propellants, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
  • emulsifiers and/or foam-formers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surface-active substances are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phe- nolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, with substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuc- cinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phe- nols, fatty acid esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates, examples being alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, ary
  • auxiliaries that may be present in the formulations and in the application forms derived from them include colorants such as inorganic pigments, examples being iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian Blue, and organic dyes, - - such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and nutrients and trace nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
  • Stabilizers such as low-temperature stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be present. Additionally present may be foam-formers or defoamers.
  • the formulations and application forms derived from them may also comprise, as additional auxiliaries, stickers such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic polymers in powder, granule or latex form, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and also natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids.
  • Further possible auxiliaries include mineral and vegetable oils.
  • auxiliaries include fragrances, protective colloids, binders, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, retention promoters, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents, humectants and spreaders.
  • the active compounds may be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for formulation purposes.
  • Suitable retention promoters include all those substances which reduce the dynamic surface tension, such as dioc- tyl sulphosuccinate, or increase the viscoelasticity, such as hydroxypropylguar polymers, for example.
  • Suitable penetrants in the present context include all those substances which are typically used in order to enhance the penetration of active agrochemical compounds into plants.
  • Penetrants in this context are defined in that, from the (generally aqueous) application liquor and/or from the spray coating, they are able to penetrate the cuticle of the plant and thereby increase the mobility of the active compounds in the cuticle. This property can be determined using the method described in the literature (Baur et al., 1997, Pesticide Science 51, 131-152).
  • Examples include alcohol alkoxylates such as coconut fatty ethoxylate (10) or isotridecyl ethoxylate (12), fatty acid esters such as rapeseed or soybean oil methyl esters, fatty amine alkoxylates such as tallowamine ethoxylate (15), or ammonium and/or phosphonium salts such as ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, for example.
  • the formulations preferably comprise between 0.00000001 % and 98% by weight of active compound or, with particular preference, between 0.01% and 95%o by weight of active compound, more preferably between 0.5%o and 90%o by weight of active compound, based on the weight of the formulation.
  • the content of the active compound is defined as the sum of the compound of formula (I) and the at least one biological control agent.
  • the active compound content of the application forms (crop protection products) prepared from the formulations may vary within wide ranges.
  • the active compound concentration of the application forms may be situated typically between 0.00000001% and 95%o by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.00001% and 1% by weight, based on the weight of the application form.
  • Application takes place in a customary manner adapted to the application forms. - 7 -
  • inventive compositions may be present as such or in their (commercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active ingredients, such as attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals.
  • active ingredients such as attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals.
  • the (commercial) formulation comprising a compound of the formula (I) and a biological control agent and the agriculturally suitable components as described above, can be used as a pesticide.
  • the (commercial) formulation as defined above can be used as a fungicide.
  • the (commercial) formulation as defined above acts in a synergistic fashion.
  • the compound ratio (I)/B may be advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect.
  • the term "synergistic effect” as well as the term “acting in a synergistic fashion” is understood to mean in particular that defined by Colby in an article entitled “Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations” Weeds, (1967), 15, pages 20-22.
  • E represents the expected percentage of inhibition of the pest for the combination of the two compounds at defined doses (for example equal to x and y respectively)
  • X is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (A) at a defined dose (equal to x)
  • Y is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (B) at a defined dose (equal to y).
  • a synergistic effect in fungicides is always present when the fungicidal action of the composition exceeds the expected action of the active compounds applied individually.
  • the expected fungicidal action for a given combination of two or three active compounds can be calculated as follows, according to S.R. Colby ("Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22):
  • Y is the efficacy when employing active compound B at an application rate of n g/ha and - -
  • the efficacy is determined in %. 0% means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control, whereas an efficacy of 100% means that no infection is observed. If the actual fungicidal action exceeds the calculated value, the action of the combination is superadditive, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. In this case, the actually observed efficacy must exceed the value calculated using the above formula for the expected efficacy (E).
  • composition according to the present invention can be combined in any specific ratio between the two mandatory components.
  • the compounds of the general formula (I) and the biological control agent (B) as defined above are present in a synergistically effective weight ratio of (I) : (B) in a range of 1 :5000 to 1: 1, preferably in a weight ratio of 1 : 1000 to 1 :1, most preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :500 to 1 :100.
  • the biological control agent e.g. their spores are present in a solo-formulation or the combined formulation in a concentration of at least 10 5 colony forming units per gram preparation (e. g. cells/g preparation, spores/g preparation), such as 10 5 - 10 12 cfu/g, preferably 10 6 - 10 u cfu/g, more preferably 10 7 - 10 10 cfu/g and most preferably 10 9 - 10 10 cfu/g at the time point of applying biological control agents on a plant or plant parts such as seeds, fruits or vegetables.
  • 10 5 colony forming units per gram preparation e. g. cells/g preparation, spores/g preparation
  • 10 6 - 10 u cfu/g preferably 10 6 - 10 u cfu/g
  • most preferably 10 9 - 10 10 cfu/g at the time point of applying biological control agents on a plant or plant parts such as seeds, fruits or vegetables.
  • references to the concentration of biological control agents in form of, e.g., spores or cells - when discussing ratios between the amount of a preparation of at least one biological control agent and the amount of the compound of the formula (I)- are made in view of the time point when the biological control agent is applied on a plant or plant parts such as seeds, fruits or vegetables.
  • the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive ("synergistic") effects.
  • superadditive for example, reduced application rates and / or a widening of the activity spectrum and / or an increase in the activity of the compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality and / or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and / or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
  • the compositions according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by phy- topathogenic fungi. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the compositions - - according to the invention, for example against fungi, in particular phytopathogenic fungi.
  • Plant-strengthening resistance-inducing substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with harmful microorganisms, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
  • harmful microorganisms are phytopathogenic fungi.
  • the compositions according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment.
  • the period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the inventive composition.
  • the invention comprises a method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi, comprising applying the composition to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi.
  • the present invention also relates to compositions for controlling phytopathogenic fungi, comprising an effective but non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive composi- tions. These are preferably fungicidal compositions which comprise agriculturally suitable components as described above.
  • plants are meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights).
  • Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. Plants also comprise plant parts.
  • plant parts are meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed.
  • Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
  • the term "damage of plants” or “damage of plant parts” comprises e.g. the decrease of plant growth or yield or the decrease of plant vigor, comprising plant health, plant quality and seed vigor, a decreased resistance to harmful mircoorganisms such as phytopathogenic fungi, a decreased abiotic stress tolerance, comprising tem- perature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) or the like, an increased stand failure, decreased recovery, impaired greening effect and decreased photosynthetic efficiency.
  • compositions according to the invention in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant parts, for increasing harvest yields and for improving the quality of the harvested material.
  • an "effective but non-phytotoxic amount” means an amount of the inventive composition which is sufficient to control the fungal disease of the plant in a satisfactory manner or to eradicate the fungal disease completely, and which, at the same time, does not cause any significant symptoms of phyto toxicity.
  • this application rate may vary within a relatively wide range. It depends on several factors, for example on the fungus to be con- trolled, the plant, the climatic conditions and the ingredients of the inventive compositions.
  • control of phytopathogenic fungi means a reduction in infestation by phy- topathogenic fungi, compared with the untreated plant measured as fungicidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50 %, compared with the untreated plant (100 %), more preferably a reduction by 40-79 %, compared with the untreated plant (100 %); even more preferably, the infection by phytopathogenic fungi is entirely suppressed (by 70-100 %).
  • the control may be curative, i.e. fortreatment of already infected plants, or protective, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected.
  • compositions according to the invention can be used for curative or protective or preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi.
  • the invention therefore also relates to curative and protective methods for controlling phytopathogenic fungi by the use of the inventive compositions.
  • the compositions according to the invention are active against normally sensitive and resistant species of phytopathogenic fungi and against all or some stages of development.
  • the term "preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi” comprises the use of compositions according to the invention for the prevention of diseases.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is the use of compositions according to the invention for controlling diseases such as phytopathogenic fungi, e.g., in agriculture, in horticulture, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities as well as in the protection of stored products and materials.
  • applying the composition to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi refers to the treatment of a plant and / or phytopathogenic fungi and / or the habitat of the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi with the compositions according to the invention.
  • the treatment is effected directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching) and drip irrigating. It is also possible to deploy the compositions by the ultra-low volume method or to inject the composition preparation or the compositions itself into the soil.
  • the application rates can be varied within a relatively wide range, depending on the kind of application.
  • the application rate of the compositions is
  • leaves from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 10 to 1000 g/ha, more preferably from 10 to 800 g/ha, even more preferably from 50 to 300 g/ha (in the case of application by watering or dripping, it is even possible to reduce the application rate, especially when inert sub- strates such as rockwool or perlite are used);
  • the inventive compositions can thus be used to protect plants from attack by the pathogens mentioned below for a certain period of time after treatment.
  • the period for which protection is provided extends generally for 1 to 28 days, preferably for 1 to 14 days, more preferably for 1 to 10 days, most preferably for 1 to 7 days, after the treat- ment of the plant or the plant parts with the inventive compositions.
  • the method of treatment according to the invention also provides the use or application of compounds according to formula (I) and one biological control agent as defined above in a simultaneous, separate or sequential manner. If the single active ingredients are applied in a sequential manner, i.e. at different times, they are applied one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days. Preferably the order of applying the compounds according to formula (I) and the biological control agent as defined above is not essential for working the present invention.
  • compositions according to the invention can particularly advantageously be treated in accordance with the compositions according to the invention.
  • the preferred ranges stated above for the compositions also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of plants with the compositions specifically mentioned in the present text.
  • compositions are well tolerated by plants at the concentrations required for controlling phytopath- ogenic fungi allows the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock and seeds, and of the soil.
  • the "habitat of the plant” comprises the environment where the plant is growing, e.g. the soil or nutrition medium - which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant to be treated, respectively.
  • the term "habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi” as used herein is defined as the seed, the plant or plant parts or the fruit.
  • It also comprises the soil or the nutrition medium in which the plant grows - which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant to be treated, respectively.
  • plants and plant parts can be treated.
  • plants are meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights).
  • Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods.
  • plant parts all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhi- - - zomes are listed.
  • Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
  • inventive compositions when they are well tolerated by plants, have favourable homeotherm toxicity and are well tolerated by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. They can preferably be used as crop protection compositions. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
  • Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention include the following main crop plants including fruits and vegetables: maize, soya bean, alfalfa, cotton, sunflower, Brassica oil seeds such as Brassica napus (e.g. canola, rapeseed), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g. (field) mustard) and Brassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g. oil- palm, coconut), rice, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g. Rosaceae sp. (e.g.
  • pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g. olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g. avocado, cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g.
  • Rubiaceae sp. e.g. coffee
  • Theaceae sp. e.g. tea
  • Sterculiceae sp. e.g. lemons, oranges, mandarins and grapefruit
  • Solanace- ae sp. e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco
  • Liliaceae sp. Compositae sp. (e.g. lettuce, artichokes and chicory - including root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g.
  • carrots, pars- ley, celery and celeriac Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g. cucumbers - including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g. leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp. (e.g. white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and Chinese cabbage), Legumi- nosae sp. (e.g. peanuts, peas, lentils and beans - e.g. common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (e.g.
  • inventive compositions comprise a method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi. Accordingly the inventive compositions have potent microbicidal activity and can be used for control ofphytopathogenic fungi in crop protection and in the protection of materials.
  • Such phytopathogenic fungi include soilborne pathogens, which are in particular members of the classes Plasmo- diophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (Syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basid- - - iomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Syn. Fungi imperfecti).
  • Some fungicides are systemically active and ca be used in plant protection as foliar, seed dressing or soil fungicide. Furthermore, they are suitable for combating fungi, which inter alia infest wood or roots of plant.
  • phytopathogenic fungi which can be treated in accordance with the invention comprise: diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens, for example Blumeria species, for example Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera species, for example Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca species, for example Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula species, for example Uncinula necator; diseases caused by rust disease pathogens, for example Gymnosporangium species, for example Gymnosporangi- um sabinae; Hemileia species, for example Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora species, for example Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae; Puccinia species, for example Puccinia recondite, P.
  • diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens for example Blumeria species, for example Blumeria graminis
  • Podosphaera species for example
  • Uromyces species for example Uromyces appendiculatus
  • diseases caused by pathogens from the group of the Oomycetes for example Albugo species, for example Al- gubo Candida
  • Bremia species for example Bremia lactucae
  • Peronospora species for example Peronospora pisi or P.
  • Phaeosphaeria species for example Phaeo- sphaeria nodorum
  • Pyrenophora species for example Pyrenophora teres, Pyrenophora tritici repentis
  • Ramularia species for example Ramularia collo-cygni, Ramularia areola
  • Rhynchosporium species for example Rhyn- chosporium secalis
  • Septoria species for example Septoria apii, Septoria lycopersii
  • Typhula species for example Typhula incarnata
  • Venturia species for example Venturia inaequalis
  • root and stem diseases caused, for example, by Corticium species for example Corticium graminearum
  • Fusarium species for example Fusarium oxysporum
  • Gaeumannomyces species for example Gaeumannomyces graminis
  • Rhizoctonia species such as, for example Rhizoctonia
  • Urocystis species for example Urocystis occulta
  • Ustilago species for example Ustilago nuda, U. nuda tritici
  • Botrytis species for exam- pie Botrytis cinerea
  • Penicillium species for example Penicillium expansum and P.
  • Sclerotinia species for example Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
  • Verticilium species for example Verticilium alboatrum
  • seed and soilborne decay, mould, wilt, rot and damping-off diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, caused for example by Alternaria brassicicola
  • Aphanomyces species caused for example by Aphanomyces eu- teiches
  • Ascochyta species caused for example by Ascochyta lentis
  • Aspergillus species caused for example by Aspergillus flavus
  • Cladosporium species caused for example by Cladosporium herbarum
  • Cochliobolus species caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus
  • Colletotrichum species caused for example by Colletotrichum coccodes
  • Fusarium species caused for example by example by Altern
  • Taphrina species for example Taphrina deformans
  • Eutypa dyeback caused for exam- - 5 - pie by Eutypa lata
  • Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma boninense
  • Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus
  • diseases of flowers and seeds caused, for example, by Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea
  • Helmin- thosporium species for example Helminthosporium solani
  • Helmin- thosporium species for example Helminthosporium solani
  • Plasmodiophora species for example Plamodiophora brassicae
  • diseases caused by bacterial pathogens for example Xanthomonas species, for example Xanthomonas cam- pestris pv. oryzae
  • Pseudomonas species for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
  • Erwinia species for example Erwinia amylovora.
  • phytophthora rot (Phytophthora megasperma), brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata), pythium rot (Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum), rhizoctonia root rot, stem decay, and damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), sclerotinia stem decay (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), sclerotinia southern blight (Sclerotinia rolfsii), thielaviopsis root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola).
  • the inventive compositions can, at particular concentrations or application rates, also be used as herbicides, safeners, growth regulators or agents to improve plant properties, or as microbicides, for example as fungicides, antimycotics, bactericides, viricides (including compositions against viroids) or as compositions against MLO (Mycoplasma-like organisms) and RLO (Rickettsia-like organisms).
  • the active ingredients of the inventive composition intervene in the metabolism of the plants and can therefore also be used as growth regulators.
  • Plant growth regulators may exert various effects on plants.
  • the effect of the substances depends essentially on the time of application in relation to the developmental stage of the plant, and also on the amounts of active ingredient applied to the plants or their environment and on the type of application. In each case, growth regula- tors should have a particular desired effect on the crop plants.
  • Plant growth-regulating compounds can be used, for example, to inhibit the vegetative growth of the plants. Such inhibition of growth is of economic interest, for example, in the case of grasses, since it is thus possible to - - reduce the frequency of grass cutting in ornamental gardens, parks and sport facilities, on roadsides, at airports or in fruit crops. Also of significance is the inhibition of the growth of herbaceous and woody plants on roadsides and in the vicinity of pipelines or overhead cables, or quite generally in areas where vigorous plant growth is unwanted. Also important is the use of growth regulators for inhibition of the longitudinal growth of cereal. This reduces or completely eliminates the risk of lodging of the plants prior to harvest. In addition, growth regulators in the case of cereals can strengthen the culm, which also counteracts lodging.
  • Inhibition of the vegetative plant growth may also lead to enhanced yields because the nutrients and assimilates are of more benefit to flower and fruit formation than to the vegetative parts of the plants.
  • growth regulators can also be used to promote vegetative growth. This is of great benefit when harvesting the vegetative plant parts.
  • promoting vegetative growth may also promote generative growth in that more assimilates are formed, resulting in more or larger fruits.
  • yield increases may be achieved by manipulating the metabolism of the plant, without any detectable changes in vegetative growth.
  • growth regulators can be used to alter the composition of the plants, which in turn may result in an improvement in quality of the harvested products. For example, it is possible to increase the sugar content in sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapples and in citrus fruit, or to increase the protein content in soya or cereals. It is also possible, for example, to use growth regulators to inhibit the degradation of desirable ingredients, for example sugar in sugar beet or sugar cane, before or after harvest. It is also possible to positively influence the production or the elimination of secondary plant ingredients.
  • One example is the stimulation of the flow of latex in rubber trees.
  • parthenocarpic fruits may be formed.
  • growth regulators can control the branching of the plants.
  • by breaking apical domi- nance it is possible to promote the development of side shoots, which may be highly desirable particularly in the cultivation of ornamental plants, also in combination with an inhibition of growth.
  • the amount of leaves on the plants can be controlled such that defoliation of the plants is achieved at a desired time.
  • Such defoliation plays a major role in the mechanical harvesting of cotton, but is also of interest for facilitating harvesting in other crops, for example in viticulture.
  • Defoliation of the plants can also be undertaken to lower the transpiration of the plants before they are transplanted.
  • Growth regulators can likewise be used to regulate fruit dehiscence. On the one hand, it is possible to prevent premature fruit dehiscence. On the other hand, it is also possible to promote fruit dehiscence or even flower abortion to achieve a desired mass ("thinning"), in order to eliminate alternation.
  • Alternation is understood to mean the characteristic of some fruit species, for endogenous reasons, to deliver very different yields from year to year. Finally, it is possible to use growth regulators at the time of harvest to reduce the forces required to de- tach the fruits, in order to allow mechanical harvesting or to facilitate manual harvesting.
  • Growth regulators can also be used to achieve faster or else delayed ripening of the harvested material before or after harvest. This is particularly advantageous as it allows optimal adjustment to the requirements of the market. Moreover, growth regulators in some cases can improve the fruit colour. In addition, growth regulators can also be used to concentrate maturation within a certain period of time. This establishes the prerequisites for complete me- chanical or manual harvesting in a single operation, for example in the case of tobacco, tomatoes or coffee.
  • growth regulators By using growth regulators, it is additionally possible to influence the resting of seed or buds of the plants, such that plants such as pineapple or ornamental plants in nurseries, for example, germinate, sprout or flower at a time when they are normally not inclined to do so. In areas where there is a risk of frost, it may be desirable to delay budding or germination of seeds with the aid of growth regulators, in order to avoid damage resulting from late frosts.
  • growth regulators can induce resistance of the plants to frost, drought or high salinity of the soil. This allows the cultivation of plants in regions which are normally unsuitable for this purpose.
  • compositions according to the invention also exhibit a potent strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they can be used for mobilizing the defences of the plant against attack by undesirable microorganisms.
  • Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances which are capable of stimulating the defence system of plants in such a way that the treated plants, when subsequently inoculated with undesirable microorganisms, develop a high degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
  • the active compounds according to the invention are also suitable for increasing the yield of crops. In addition, they show reduced toxicity and are well tolerated by plants. - -
  • plant physiology effects comprise the following:
  • Abiotic stress tolerance comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc..
  • Biotic stress tolerance comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria.
  • biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
  • Increased plant vigor comprising plant health / plant quality and seed vigor, reduced stand failure, improved appearance, increased recovery, improved greening effect and improved photosynthetic efficiency. Effects on plant hormones and/or functional enzymes.
  • growth regulators comprising earlier germination, better emergence, more developed root system and/or improved root growth, increased ability of tillering, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, increased plant height and/or biomass, shorting of stems, improvements in shoot growth, number of kernels/ear, number of ears/m 2 , number of stolons and/or number of flowers, enhanced harvest index, bigger leaves, less dead basal leaves, improved phyllotaxy, earlier maturation / earlier fruit finish, homogenous riping, increased duration of grain filling, better fruit finish, bigger fruit/vegetable size, sprouting resistance and reduced lodging.
  • Increased yield referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size and/or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising: improved processability relating to size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), homogenous riping, grain moisture, bet- ter milling, better vinification, better brewing, increased juice yield, harvestability, digestibility, sedimentation value, falling number, pod stability, storage stability, improved fiber length/strength/uniformity, increase of milk and/or meet quality of silage fed animals, adaption to cooking and frying; further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), increased storage / shelf-life, firmness / softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.), grade (size, shape, num- ber of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.; further comprising increased
  • protein content protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.; and further comprising decreased undesired ingredients such as e.g. less mycotoxines, less aflatoxines, geosmin level, phenolic aromas, lacchase, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, nitrate content etc. - -
  • Delayed senescence comprising improvement of plant physiology which is manifested, for example, in a longer grain filling phase, leading to higher yield, a longer duration of green leaf colouration of the plant and thus comprising colour (greening), water content, dryness etc..
  • inventive compositions makes it possible to prolong the green leaf area duration, which delays the maturation (senescence) of the plant.
  • the main advantage to the farmer is a longer grain filling phase leading to higher yield.
  • sedimentation value is a measure for protein quality and describes according to Zeleny (Zeleny value) the degree of sedimentation of flour suspended in a lactic acid solution during a standard time interval. This is taken as a measure of the baking quality. Swelling of the gluten fraction of flour in lactic acid solution affects the rate of sedimentation of a flour suspension. Both a higher gluten content and a better gluten quality give rise to slower sedimentation and higher Zeleny test values.
  • the sedimentation value of flour depends on the wheat protein composition and is mostly correlated to the protein content, the wheat hardness, and the volume of pan and hearth loaves.
  • the falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds.
  • a high falling number for example, above 300 seconds
  • a low falling number for example, below 250 seconds
  • more developed root system / “improved root growth” refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, and/or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root architecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis programmes (e.g. WinRhizo).
  • crop water use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water con- sumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2.
  • nitrogen-use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
  • Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photosynthetic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85. Values lower than this will be observed if a sample has been exposed to some type of biotic or abiotic stress factor which has reduced the capacity for photochemical quenching of energy within PSII.
  • Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm).
  • the Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality. (See e.g. Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology, 2007, 11, 319-341; Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15, 169-182.)
  • the improvement in greening / improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can also be assessed by measurement of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), measurement of the chlo- rophyll content, e.g. by the pigment extraction method of Ziegler and Ehle, measurement of the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), determination of shoot growth and final root and/or canopy biomass, determination of tiller density as well as of root mortality.
  • Pn net photosynthetic rate
  • Fv/Fm ratio photochemical efficiency
  • plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth / more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
  • the novel use of the fungicidal compositions of the present invention relates to a combined use of a) preventively and/or curatively controlling pathogenic fungi, with or without resistance management, and b) at least one of enhanced root growth, improved greening, improved water use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield. From group b) enhancement of root system, water use efficiency and N-use efficiency is particularly preferred. - 5 -
  • the inventive treatment can reduce the mycotoxin content in the harvested material and the foods and feeds prepared therefrom.
  • Mycotoxins include particularly, but not exclusively, the following: deoxyniva- lenol (DON), nivalenol, 15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON, T2- and HT2-toxin, fumonisins, zearalenon, moniliformin, fusarin, diaceotoxyscirpenol (DAS), beauvericin, enniatin, fusaroproliferin, fusarenol, ochratoxins, patulin, ergot alkaloids and aflatoxins which can be produced, for example, by the following fungi: Fusarium spec, such as F.
  • verticillioides etc. and also by Aspergillus spec, such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. ochraceus, A. clavatus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Penicillium spec, such as P. verrucosum, P. viridicatum, P. citrinum, P. expansum, P. claviforme, P. roqueforti, Claviceps spec, such as C. purpurea, C.fusiformis, C. pas- pali, C. africana, Stachybotrys spec, and others.
  • Aspergillus spec such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. ochraceus, A. clavatus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Penicillium spec, such as P. verrucosum, P. viridicatum, P. citrinum
  • inventive compositions or compositions can also be used in the protection of materials, for protection of industrial materials against attack and destruction by phytopathogenic fungi.
  • inventive compositions can be used as antifouling compositions, alone or in combinations with other active ingredients.
  • Industrial materials in the present context are understood to mean inanimate materials which have been prepared for use in industry.
  • industrial materials which are to be protected by inventive compositions from microbial alteration or destruction may be adhesives, glues, paper, wallpaper and board/cardboard, textiles, carpets, leather, wood, fibers and tissues, paints and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials which can be infected with or destroyed by microorganisms.
  • Parts of production plants and buildings, for example cooling-water circuits, cooling and heating systems and ventilation and air-conditioning units, which may be impaired by the proliferation of microorganisms may also be mentioned within the scope of the materials to be protected.
  • Industrial materials within the scope of the present invention preferably include adhesives, sizes, paper and card, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat transfer fluids, more preferably wood.
  • inventive compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
  • compositions according to the invention may also be used against fungal diseases liable to grow on or inside timber.
  • timing means all types of species of wood, and all types of working of this wood intended for construction, for example solid wood, high-density wood, laminated wood, and plywood.
  • the method for treating timber according to the invention mainly consists in contacting a composition according to the invention; this includes for example direct application, spraying, dipping, injection or any other suitable means.
  • inventive compositions can be used to protect objects which come into contact with saltwater or brackish water, especially hulls, screens, nets, buildings, moorings and signalling systems, from fouling.
  • inventive method for controlling phytopathogenic fungi can also be employed for protecting storage goods.
  • Storage goods are understood to mean natural substances of vegetable or animal origin or processed products thereof which are of natural origin, and for which long-term protection is desired.
  • Storage goods of vegetable origin for example plants or plant parts, such as stems, leaves, tubers, seeds, fruits, grains, can be protected freshly harvested or after processing by (pre)drying, moistening, comminuting, grinding, pressing or roasting.
  • Storage goods also include timber, both unprocessed, such as construction timber, electricity poles and barriers, or in the form of finished products, such as furniture.
  • Storage goods of animal origin are, for example, hides, leather, furs and hairs.
  • the inventive compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
  • Microorganisms capable of degrading or altering the industrial materials include, for example, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms.
  • the inventive compositions preferably act against fungi, especially moulds, wood-discoloring and wood-destroying fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes), and against slime organisms and algae.
  • microorganisms of the following genera Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis; Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger; Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum; Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana; Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus; Penicillium, such as Penicillium glaucum; Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor, Aureobasidium, such as Aureobasidium pullulans; Scleropho- ma, such as Sclerophoma pityophila; Trichoderma, such as Trichoderma viride; Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Pleurotus spp., Pori

Abstract

The application relates to fungicidal compositions comprising (A) a thiazolylisoxazoline fungicide (I) and at least one biological control agent (B) particularly selected from: (B1) bacteria, (B2) fungi, (B3) protozoas, (B4) viruses, (B5) entomopathogenic nematode, (B6) proteins or secondary metabolites and further to processes for preparing these compositions and to the use thereof as biologically active compounds, for control of phytopathogenic fungi in crop protection, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.

Description

FUNGICIDAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THIAZOLYLISOXAZOLINE FUNGICIDE AND BIOLOGICAL FUNGICIDE Field of invention
The present invention relates to novel compositions, to a process for preparing these compositions and to the use thereof as biologically active compositions, especially for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in plants, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators.
Background
It is already known that certain thiazolylisoxazolines can be used as fungicides (see WO 2008/013925, WO 2008/013622, WO 2009/094407, WO 2009/094445, WO 2010/065579, WO 2011/85170, WO 2011/076699, WO 2012/020060, WO 2012025557, WO 2012/055837, WO 2012/082580, WO 2012/104273, WO 2013/037768, and WO 2013/098229).
Moreover, it is known that these compounds can be mixed with different fungicidal compounds: WO 2009/055514, WO 2012/168188. However the ecological and economic demands made on modem active ingredients, for example fungicides, are increasing constantly, for example with respect to activity spectrum, toxicity, selectivity, application rate, formation of residues and favourable manufacture. A further problem arising with the use of synthetic fungicides is that the repeated and exclusive application of a fungicide often leads to the selection of resistant microorganisms. Normally, such are also cross-resistant to other active ingredients having the same mode of action. An effective control of the pathogens with said active compounds is then no longer possible. However, active ingredients having new mechanisms of action are difficult to find and expensive to develop.
The risk of resistance development in pathogen populations as well as environmental and human health concerns have fostered interest in identifying alternatives to synthetic fungicides for managing plant diseases. The use of biological control agents (BCAs) is one alternative. However, the effectiveness of most BCAs is not at the same lev- el as for conventional fungicides, especially in case of severe infection pressure. Consequently, known biological control agents, their mutants and metabolites produced by them are, in particular in low application rates, not entirely satisfactory.
Thus, there is a constant need for developing new, alternative plant protection products which in some areas at least help to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements. One way of fulfilling such need can be the development of novel compositions comprising of fungicides and biological control agents which have advantages over the known compositions at least in some areas.
In view of this, it was in particular an object of the present invention to provide compositions which exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi in plants, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators. Moreover, it was a further particular object of the present invention, to reduce the application rates and broaden the activity spectrum of the fungicides and the biological control agents, and thereby to provide a composition which, prefera- - - bly at a reduced total amount of active compounds applied, has improved activity against phytopathogenic fungi. In particular, it was a further object of the present invention to provide a composition which, when applied to a crop, results in a decreased amount of residues in the crop, and nevertheless provides efficient disease control.
Summary of the invention
It has now surprisingly been found that compositions comprising
(A) at least one thiazolylisoxazoline of formula (I)
Figure imgf000003_0001
in which
R1 represents phenyl, which is at least substituted with one methylsulfonyloxy and optionally be additionally substituted by one substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl, methoxy, fluoro or chloro, or an agrochemically acceptable salt thereof,
(B) at least one biological control agent,
and wherein the biological control agent comprises bacteria, fungi, proteins or secondary metabolites, act in a fungicidal fashion.
In some embodiments, such compositions act in a synergistic fashion.
The invention also comprises a method for preparing an agricultural composition comprising adding agriculturally suitable components such as suitable extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners, adjuvants or the like to the composition according to the invention. Furthermore the invention comprises a method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi, comprising applying the composition to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi.
In view of this, the problem underlying the present invention has been solved by providing novel compositions which exhibit fungicidal and/ or synergistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi in plants, in the protection of materials and as plant growth regulators. Moreover, the novel compositions according to the invention enable reduced application rates and broaden the activity spectrum of the fungicides and the biological control agents. Final- ly the novel compositions provide improved activity against phytopathogenic fungi and consequently provide efficient disease control for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables.
Description of the invention
The problem underlying the present invention has been solved by providing novel compositions comprising
(A) at least one compound of the general formula (I) and
(B) at least one biological control agent,
which act in a fungicidal and / or synergistic fashion for efficient disease control comprising reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables.
Preference is given to combinations comprising at least one compound of the formula (I) selected from the group consisting of
(1-1) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyr^^^
dihydro- 1 ,2-oxazol-5-yl}phenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-2) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,^ dihydro-l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-6-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-3) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-3-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-4) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-5-methylphenyl methanesulfonate, (1-5) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-5-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-6) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-4-methylphenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-7) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4 dihydro-l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-4-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-8) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-6-fluorophenyl methanesulfonate.
In general "pesticidal" means the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of phytopathogenic fungi. The definition also comprises the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of phytopathogenic fungi and / or plant pests. The term is used herein, to describe the property of a substance to exhibit activity against phytopathogenic fungi, insects, mites and / or nematodes. - -
"Fungicides" as well as the terms "fungicidal" and "acting in a fungicidal fashion" refer to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rates of phytopathogenic fungi. Fungicides can be used in crop protection for control of phytopathogenic fungi. They are characterized by an outstanding efficacy against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi. As used herein, the term "phytopathogenic fungi" comprises all or- ganisms of the kingdom of fungi which can cause damage of plants and / or damage of plant parts and /or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables. Specific phytopathogenic fungi are described later.
"Insecticides" as well as the term "insecticidal" refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of insects. As used herein, the term "insects" comprises all organisms in the class "Insecta".
"Nematicide" and "nematicidal" refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of nematodes. In general, the term "nematode" comprises eggs, larvae, juvenile and mature forms of said organism.
"Acaricide" and "acaricidal" refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of ectoparasites belonging to the class Arachnida, sub-class Acari.
Biological control agents
As used herein, the term"biological control" is defined as control of harmful organisms such as a phytopathogenic fungi and/or insects and/or acarids and/or nematodes by the use or employment of a biological control agent.
As used herein, the term "biological control agent" is defined as a second organism and / or proteins or second- ary metabolites produced by such a second organism for the purpose of biological control. Mutants of the second organism shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent. The term "mutant" refers to a variant of the parental strain as well as methods for obtaining a mutant or variant in which the pesticidal activity is greater than that expressed by the parental strain. The"parent strain" is defined herein as the original strain before mutagenesis. To obtain such mutants the parental strain may be treated with a chemical such as N- methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethylmethanesulfone, or by irradiation using gamma, x-ray, or UV- irradiation, or by other means well known to those skilled in the art. Known mechanisms of biological control agents comprise enteric bacteria that control root rot by out-competing fungi for space on the surface of the root. Bacterial toxins, such as antibiotics, have been used to control pathogens. The toxin can be isolated and applied directly to the plant or the bacterial species may be administered so it produces the toxin in situ.
A "variant" is a strain having all the identifying characteristics of the NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers as indicated in this text and can be identified as having a genome that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the genome of the NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers.
"Hybridization" refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues. The hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence-specific manner. The complex may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi-stranded complex, a single self-hybridizing strand, or any combination of these. Hybridization reactions can be performed under conditions of different "stringency". In general, a low stringency hybridization reaction is carried out at about 40 °C in 10 X SSC or a solution of equivalent ionic strength/temperature. A moderate stringency hybridization is typically performed at about 50 °C in 6 X SSC, and a high stringency hybridization reaction is generally per- formed at about 60 °C in 1 X SSC.
A variant of the indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number may also be defined as a strain having a genomic sequence that is greater than 85%, more preferably greater than 90% or more preferably greater than 95% sequence identity to the genome of the indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number. A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has a certain percentage (for example, 80%>, 85%o, 90%o, or 95%o) of "sequence identity" to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example, those described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987).
NRRL is the abbreviation for the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, an international depositary authority for the purposes of deposing microorganism strains under the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, having the address National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North university Street, Peroira, Illinois 61604 USA.
ATCC is the abbreviation for the American Type Culture Collection, an international depositary authority for the purposes of deposing microorganism strains under the Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, having the address ATCC Patent Depository, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, VA 10110 USA.
According to the present invention the biological control agents (B) are particularly selected from the group consisting of:
B 1. bacteria,
B2. fungi,
B3. protozoas,
B4. viruses,
B5. entomopathogenic nematode,
B6. proteins or secondary metabolites.
According to the invention the term "bacteria" include spore- forming, root-colonizing bacteria, or bacteria and their metabolites useful as biological fungicides, biological insecticdes, biological nematicdes or biological miti- cides, or soil amendments improving plant health and growth. Examples of such bacteria to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the inven- tion): Bl.l Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (e.g. SERENADE MAX from Bayer CropScience - -
LP, US, having NRRL Accession No. B21661and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,060,051); Bl.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153 (having NRRL Accession No. 55614 and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,753,222); B 1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (having ATCC Accession No. 55608 and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,869,042); B 1.4 Bacillus sp. strain AQ 177 (having ATCC Accession No. 55609 and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,869,042); B 1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (having ATCC Accession No. 53522 and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,869,042); B1.6 Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (e.g. Sonata® from Bayer CropScience LP, US, having Accession No. NRRL B-30087 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,245,551); B1.7 Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (e.g. Yield Shield® from Bayer CropScience AG, DE); B1.8 Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21619 and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,919,447); B1.9 Streptomyces sp. strains, in particular the strain having Accession No. NRRL B-30145 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,524,577; B 1.10 Streptomyces galbus (=Streptomyces griseoviridis), in particular Streptomyces galbus strain QST 6047 and mutants thereof (having Accession No. NRRL B-30232 and described in US Patent Nos. 6,682,925); B 1.11 Bacillus chitinosporus, in particular strain AQ746 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21618 and described in U.S. Patent No. 5,733,544); Bl .12 Bacillus mycoides, strain AQ726 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21664 and described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,906,818 and 6,210,665); B1.13 Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,001,637); B1.14 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21665 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,015,553); B 1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (having Accession No. NRRL B21663); B1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, in particular strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372; e.g. XenTari® from Bayer Crop Science AG, DE); B1.17 Bacillus firmus, in particular, strain CNMC 1-1582 (e.g. VOTTVO from Bayer CropScience); B1.18 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ30002, (having Accession No. NRRL B-50421 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576); Bl .19 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ30004 (having Accession No. NRRL B-50455 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576); B1.20 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain D747 (e.g. Bacstar® from Etec Crop Solutions, NZ and also e.g. Double Nickel™ from Certis, US); B1.21 Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain BU F- 33 (e.g. Integral F-33 from Becker Underwood, US); B1.22 B. subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (e.g. Taegro® from Novozymes, US); B1.23 Paenibacillus polymyxa, in particular strain AC-1 (e.g. Topseed from Green Biotech Company Ltd.); B1.24 Pseudomonas proradix (e.g. Proradix® from Sourcon Padena); B1.25 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI 600 (e.g. Subtilex from Becker Underwood, US); B1.26 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GB03 (e.g. Kodiak® from Bayer Crop Science AG, DE); B1.27 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 101 (e.g. Shelter from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA); B1.28 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 102 (e.g. Artemis from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA); B1.29 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate B246 (e.g. Avogreen from University of Pretoria); B1.30 Bacillus licheniformis, in particular strain SB3086 (e.g. EcoGuard TM Biofungicide and Green Re- leaf from Novozymes); B1.31 Pseudomonas syringae, in particular strain MA-4 (e.g. Biosave from EcoScience, US); B1.32 Pseudomonas syringae strain 742RS (e.g. Frostban C from Frost Technology Corp); B1.33 Pseudo- monas fluorescens, in particular strain 1629RS (e.g. Frostban D from Frost Technology Corp); B1.34 Streptomyces galbus (Streptomyces griseoviridis), in particular strain K61 (Accession No. DSM 7206; e.g. Mycostop® from Verdera, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475); B1.35 Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYEC108 (e.g. Actinovate from Natural Industries, US); B 1.36 Agrobacterium radiobacter, in particular strain K84 (e.g. Galltrol- A from AgBioChem, CA); B 1.37 Agrobacterium radiobacter strain Kl 026 (e.g. Nogall from Becker Underwood, US); B1.38 Bacillus lentimorbus; B1.39 Bacillus mycoides, isolate J. (e.g. BmJ from Certis USA); B1.40 Bacillus sphaericus, in particular Serotype H5a5b strain 2362 (e.g. VectoLex® from Valent Biosciences, US); B1.41 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 from Becker Microbial Products, IL; B1.42 Bacillus thurin- giensis subsp. aizawai, in particular serotype H-7 (e.g. Florbac WG from Valent Biosciences, US); B 1.43 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (e.g. Dipel® ES from Valent Biosciences, US); B1.44 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (SD-5428; e.g. Novodor® FC from BioFa DE); B1.45 Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis strain Buibui; B1.46 Burkholderia spp., in particular strain A396 (Accession No. NRRL B- 50319; e.g. MB 1-206 TGAI from Marrone Bio Innovations); B1.47 Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203; e.g. Grandevo from Marrone Bio Innovations); B1.48 Paenibacillus popilliae (for- merly Bacillus popilliae; e.g. Milky spore disease from St. Gabriel Laboratories); B1.49 Xenorhabdus lumi- nescens; SI.50 Xenorhabdus nematophila; B1.51 Bacillus thuringiensis, in particular Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (serotype H-14); B1.52 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (e.g. Rhi- zo Vital® from ABiTEP, DE); B1.53 Bacillus cereus; Bl.54 spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM 1-1562 (cf. US 6,406,690); B1.55 Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus; e.g. Bio-Tode from Agro- Organics, SA); B1.56 Bacillus megaterium, strain YFM3.25 (e.g. Bioarc from BioArc); B1.57 Bacillus mojaven- sis, strain SR11 (CECT-7666) by Probelte, Sa; B1.58 Bacillus nematocida; B1.59 Pasteuria nishizawae (e.g. oyacyst LF/ST from Pasteuria Bioscience); B 1.60 Pasteuria penetrans (formerly Bacillus penetrans, e.g. Pasteuria wettable powder from Pasteuria Bioscience); B1.61 Pasteuria usgae (e.g. Econem™ from Pasteuria Bioscience); B1.62 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces lydicus (commercially e.g. ACTINOVATE®); B1.63 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces saraceti- cus (e.g. Clanda from A & A Group (Agro Chemical Corp.); B 1.64 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain IN937a; B1.65 Bacillus cereus, in particular strain BP01 (ATCC 55675, e.g. Mepichlor from Arysta, US and also e.g. Mepplus from Micro-Flo Company LLC, US); B1.66 Bradyrhizobium japonicum (e.g. Optimize from Novo- zymes); B1.67 Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (e.g. BioBoost® from Brett Young Seeds); B1.68 Lactobacillus sp. (e.g. Lactoplant from LactoPAFI); B1.69 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular strain PN1; B1.70 Rhizobium leguminosarum, in particular bv. viceae strain Z25 (Accession No. CECT 4585); B1.71 Streptomyces acidiscabies, in particular strain RL-110T (e.g. MBI-005EP from Marrone Bioinnovations, CA); B1.72 Bacillus azotoformans; B1.73 Bacillus smithii; B1.74 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain DB 101; B1.75 Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf. Biological Control 2008, 45, 288-296); B1.76 Pantoea agglomerans, in particular strain E325 (Accession No. NRRL B-21856); B1.77 Bacillus coagulans, in particular strain TQ33; B1.78 Bacillus popilliae (e.g. Cronox by Bio-Crop, CO); B1.79 Bacillus cepacia (e.g. Deny Stine by Microbial Products); B1.80 Lactobacillus acidophilus (e.g. Fruitsan by Inagrosa-Industrias Agrobiologicas, S.A); B1.81 Lysobacter enzymogenes, in particular strain C3 (cf. J Nematol. 2006 June; 38(2): 233-239); B1.82 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular strain WS-1; B1.83 Pseudomonas aureofaciens, in particular strain TX-1 (e.g. Spot-Less Biofungicide by Eco Soils Systems, CA); B1.84 Pseudomonas cepacia (formerly known as Burkholderia cepacia), in particular type Wisconsin, strain M54; B1.85 Pseudomonas cepacia (formerly known as Burkholderia cepacia), in particular type Wisconsin, strain J82; B1.86 Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain 63-28 (e.g. ATEze by EcoSoil Systems); B1.87 Pseudomonas fluorescens, in particular strain A506 (e.g. Blightban by NuFarm and also e.g. Frostban B by Frost Technology Corp); B1.88 Pseudomonas resinovorans (e.g. Solanacure by Agricultural Research Council, SA); B1.89 Streptomyces sp., in particular strain WYE 324 (KCTC0342BP); B1.90 Streptomyces candidus, in particular strain Y21007-2 (e.g. BioBac by Biontech, TW); B1.91 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis; e.g. Brevisin); B1.92 Pectobacterium carotovorum (formerly Erwinia caroto- vora; e.g. BioKeeper by Nissan, JP); B1.93 Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain MA 342 (e.g. Ce- domon by Bioagri, S); B 1.94 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS 351 ; B 1.95 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain PB 54; B1.96 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA 11; B1.97 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA 12; B1.98 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG 2348; B1.99 Bacillus thuringiensis var. Colmeri (e.g. TianBaoBTc by Changzhou Jianghai Chemical Factory); B 1.100 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain GC-91; B 1.101 Rhizobium meliloti; B 1.102 Serratia entomophila (e.g. Invade® by Wrightson Seeds); B 1.103 Serratia marcescens, in particular strain SRM (Accession No. MTCC 8708); B 1.104 Streptomyces prasinus (cf. "Prasinons A and B: potent insecticides from Streptomyces prasinus" Applied microbiology 1973 Nov); B 1.105 Bacillus kurstaki; B 1.106 Bacillus aizawai; B 1.107 Bacillus albolactis; B 1.108 Bacillus thuringiensis strain CR-371 (Accession No. ATCC 55273); B1.109 Pasteuria thornei; Bl.l 10 Azorhizobium cau- linodans, preferably strain ZB-SK-5; Bl.l 11 Azospirillum amazonense; Bl.l 12 Azospirillum brasilense; Bl.l 13 Azospirillum halopraeference; Bl.l 14 Azospirillum irakense; Bl.l 15 Azospirillum lipoferum; Bl .116 Azotobacter chroococcum, preferably strain H 23; Bl. l 17 Azotobacter vinelandii, preferably strain ATCC 12837; Bl.l 18 Bacillus lacticola by Micro-Flo Company; Bl.l 19 Bacillus lactimorbus by Micro-Flo Company; Bl.l 20 Bacillus lactis from Micro-Flo Company; B 1.121 Bacillus maroccanus from Micro Flo Company; B 1.122 Bacillus metiens from Micro Flo Company; Bl.l 23 Bacillus nigrificans from Micro Flo Company; Bl.l 24 Bacillus siamensis, in particular strain KCTC 13613T; B1.125 Bacillus tequilensis, in particular strain NII-0943; B1.126 Gluconaceto- bacter diazotrophicus; B 1.127 Rhizobium fredii; B 1.128 Thiobacillus sp. (e.g. Cropaid from Cropaid Ltd UK); B1.129 Xanthomonas campestris (herbicidal activity), in particular pv poae (e.g. Camperico); B1.130 Agrobacte- rium vitis, in particular the non-pathogenic strain VAR03 - 1 ; B 1.131 Bacillus acidocaldarius; B 1.132 Bacillus aci- doterrestris; B1.133 Bacillus alcalophilus; B1.134 Bacillus alvei; B1.135 Bacillus aminoglucosidicus; B1.136 Ba- cillus aminovorans; B1.137 Bacillus amylolyticus; B1.138 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain B3; B1.139 Bacillus aneurinolyticus; Bl.l 40 Bacillus atrophaeus; B 1.141 Bacillus badius; Bl.l 42 Bacillus circulans; Bl.l 43 Bacillus fastidiosus; Bl.l 44 Bacillus lautus; Bl.l 45 Bacillus lentus; Bl.l 46 Bacillus medusa; Bl.l 47 Bacillus psychrosac- charolyticus; B1.148 Bacillus subtilis subspecies natto (formerly Bacillus natto); B1.149 Bacillus thuringiensis, in particular strain AM65-52 (e.g. VectoBac® by Valent Biosciences, US); B 1.150 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain BMP 144 (e.g. Aquabac by Becker Microbial Products IL); B1.151 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies. Ae- gypti (e.g. Agerin); Bl.l 52 Bacillus thuringiensis var. darmstadiensis strain 24-91 (e.g. Baciturin); Bl.l 53 Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus (e.g. Dendrobacillin); Bl.l 54 Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae; Bl.l 55 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Morrisoni; Bl.l 56 Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (e.g. M-One® by Mycogen Corporation, US); B1.157 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1, strain MPPL002; B1.158 Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis; B 1.159 Bacillus thuringiensis var. 7216 (e.g. Amactic and Pethian); B 1.160 Bacillus thuringiensis var. T36 (e.g. Cahat); B 1.161 Bacillus uniflagellate; Bl.l 62 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), in particular strain SS86-3; B1.163 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), in particular strain SS86-4; B1.164 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), in particular strain SS86-5; B 1.165 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), in particular strain 2904; Bl.166 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Ba- - - cillus laterosporus); B 1.167 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus later osporus), in particular strain ATCC 64; B 1.168 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain NRS 1111; B1.169 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain NRS 1645; B 1.170 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain NRS 1647; B 1.171 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain BPM3 ; B 1.172 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain G4; B 1.173 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain NCIMB; B 1.174 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain 41419; B1.175 Corynebacterium paurometabolum; B1.176 Herbaspirilum rubrisubalbicans; B1.177 Herbaspiri- lum seropedicae; B 1.178 Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain III3DT-1A; B 1.179 Paenibacillus alvei, in partic- ular strain ΠΙ2Ε; B 1.180 Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain 46C3; B1.181 Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain 2771; B 1.182 Paenibacillus macerans; B 1.183 Pasteuria ramose; B 1.184 Pasteuria reniformis; B 1.185 Pseudomonas putida; B 1.186 Rhizobium loti; B 1.187 Rhizobium trifolii; B 1.188 Rhizobium tropici; B 1.189 Serra- tia marcescens, in particular strain R35; B 1.190 Streptomyces colombiensis; B 1.191 Streptomyces goshikiensis; B 1.192 Streptomyces lavendulae; B 1.193 Streptomyces lydicus, in particular strain WYCD108US; B 1.194 Strep- tomyces rimosus; B 1.195 Streptomyces venezuelae; B 1.196 Virgibacillus pantothenticus (formerly Bacillus panto- thenticus), in particular strain ATCC 14576 / DSM 491; B1.197 Bacillus thuringiensis strain BD#32 (Accession No. NRRL B-21530 and described in US 5,645,831); B1.198 Streptomyces sp. strain WYE 20 (KCTC 0341BP) and B 1.199 Bacillus agri.
In some embodiments of the invention such biological control agents which are summarized under the term bacte- ria according to the invention include: B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087); Bl.1.7 Bacillus pumilus, strain GB34; Bl.1.9 Streptomyces sp., strain having Accession No. NRRL B-30145; B 1.1.10 Streptomyces gal- bus (=Streptomyces griseoviridis), strain QST 6047 (Accession No. NRRL B-30232); B 1.1.11 Bacillus chi- tinosporus, strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618); B 1.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662); Bl.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B- 21665); 1.1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372); Bl.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; B 1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No. NRRL B-50421); Bl.1.19 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455); B 1.1.21 Bacillus pumilus, strain BU F-33; Bl.1.23 Paenibacillus polymyxa, strain AC-1; B 1.1.30 Bacillus licheniformis, strain SB3086; Bl.1.31 Pseudo- monas syringae, strain MA-4; Bl.1.33 Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain 1629RS; Bl.1.34 Streptomyces galbus (Streptomyces griseoviridis), strain K61 (Accession No. DSM 7206); Bl.1.35 Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYEC108; Bl.1.36 Agrobacterium radiobacter, strain K84; Bl.1.40 Bacillus sphaericus, Serotype H5a5b strain 2362; Bl.1.42 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, serotype H-7; Bl.1.46 Burkholderia spp., strain A396 (Accession No. NRRL B-50319); Bl.1.47 Chromobacterium subtsugae, strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203); Bl.1.51 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (serotype H-14); Bl.1.52 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain FZB42; B 1.1.64 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain IN937a; B 1.1.65 Bacillus cereus, strain BP01 (ATCC Accession No. 55675); B 1.1.67 Delflia acidovorans, strain RAY209; B 1.1.69 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, strain PN1; Bl.1.70 Rhizobium leguminosarum; Bv. viceae strain Z25 (Accession No. CECT 4585); Bl.1.71 Streptomyces acidiscabies, strain RL-l lOT; \ A.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain DB 101; Bl.1.75 Lysobacter antibioticus, - - strain 13-1; B l.1.76 Pantoea agglomerans, strain E325 (Accession No. NRRL B-21856); Bl.1.77 Bacillus co- agulans, strain TQ33; B 1.1.81 Lysobacter enzymogenes, strain C3; B 1.1.82 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, strain WS-1; B 1.1.83 Pseudomonas aureofaciens, strain TX-1; B 1.1.84 Pseudomonas cepacia (formerly known as Burkholderia cepacia); type Wisconsin, strain M54; B 1.1.85 Pseudomonas cepacia (formerly known as Burkholderia cepacia); type Wisconsin, strain J82; Bl.1.86 Pseudomonas chlororaphis, strain 63-28; Bl.1.87 Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain A506; Bl.1.89 Streptomyces sp., strain WYE 324 (KCTC0342BP); Bl.1.90 Streptomyces candidus, strain Y21007-2; Bl.1.93 Pseudomonas chlororaphis, strain MA 342; Bl.1.103 Serra- tia marcescens, strain SRM; Bl.1.124 Bacillus siamensis, strain KCTC 13613T; Bl.1.125 Bacillus tequilensis, strain NII-0943; Bl.1.129 Xanthomonas campestris (herbicidal activity); pv poae; Bl.1.130 Agrobacterium vi- tis, the non-pathogenic strain VAR03-1; Bl.1.149 Bacillus thuringiensis, strain AM65-52; Bl.1.162 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), strain SS86-3; Bl.1.163 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), strain SS86-4; Bl.1.164 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), strain SS86-5; Bl.1.165 Brevibacillus brevis (formerly Bacillus brevis), strain 2904; B 1.1.167 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain ATCC 64; Bl.1.168 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain NRS 1111; Bl.1.169 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain NRS 1645; Bl.1.170 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain NRS 1647; Bl.1.171 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain BPM3; B 1.1.172 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain G4; Bl.1.173 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain NCIMB; Bl.1.174 Brevibacillus laterosporus (formerly Bacillus laterosporus), strain 41419; Bl.1.178 Paenibacillus al- vei, strain III3DT-1A; Bl.1.179 Paenibacillus alvei, strain III2E; Bl.1.180 Paenibacillus alvei, strain 46C3; Bl.1.181 Paenibacillus alvei, strain 2771; Bl.1.188 Rhizobium tropici; Bl.1.189 Serratia marcescens, strain R35; Bl.1.193 Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYCD108US and Bl.1.196 Virgibacillus pantothenticus (formerly Bacillus pantothenticus), strain ATCC 14576 / DSM 491.
According to the invention the term "fungi" comprises all organisms belonging to the kingdom of fungi, including yeast, useful as biological fungicides, biological insecticdes, biological nematicdes or biological miticides, or soil amendments improving plant health and growth. Examples of such fungi to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM-9660; e.g. Contans ® from Encore Technologies, LLC); B2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, in particular strain NRRL Y-30752 (e.g. Shemer® from Bayer CropScience); B2.3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea (e.g. Microx® from Prophyta); B2.4 Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (Accession No. NRRL 30547); B2.5 Trichoderma spp., including Trichoderma atro- viride, strain SCI (described in International Application No. PCT/IT2008/000196); B2.6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2 (also known as strain T-22, /ATCC 208479, e.g. PLANTSHIELD T-22G, Rootshield®, and TurfShield from Bio Works, US); B2.7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548); B2.8 Paeci- lomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550; e.g. BioAct from Prophyta); B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces yZavws,strain VI 17b (e.g. PROTUS® WG by Prophyta, DE); B2.l l Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. - -
V08/002388; B2.13 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002389; B2.14 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002390; B2.15 Trichoderma harzianum, strain ΠΈΜ 908 (e.g. Trianum-P from Koppert); B2.16 Pseudozyma aphidis; B2.17 Pseudozyma aphidis (from Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem); B2.18 Arthrobotrys dactyloides; B2.19 Arthrobotrys oligospora; B2.20 Ar- throbotrys superba; B2.21 Aspergillus flavus, strain NRRL 21882 (e.g. Afla-Guard® from Syngenta); B2.22 Aspergillus flavus, strain AF36 (e.g. AF36 from Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council, US); B2.23 Cryp- tococcus albidus (e.g. YieldPlus® from Anchor Bio-Technologies, ZA); B2.24 Cryptococcus flavescens, strain 4C (NRRL Y-50379); B2.25 Gliocladium roseum, strain 321U from W.F. Stoneman Company LLC; B2.26 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain VRA 1835 (ATCC 90304); B2.27 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain VRA 1984 (DSM16201); B2.28 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain VRA 1985 (DSM16202); B2.29 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain VRA 1986 (DSM16203); B2.30 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG B20/5 (IMI390096); B2.31 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG SP log6 (EVII390097); B2.32 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG SP log5 (IMI390098); B2.33 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG BU3 (IMI390099); B2.34 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG BU4 (EVII390100); B2.35 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG 410.3 (EVII390101); B2.36 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG 97/1062/116/1.1 (EVII390102); B2.37 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG B22/SP1287/3.1 (EVII390103); B2.38 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG SHI (IMI390104); B2.39 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophord) gigantea, in particular strain FOC PG B22/SP 1190/3.2 (EVII390105; e.g. Rotstop® from Verdera and FIN, PG-Agromaster®, PG-Fungler®, PG-IBL®, PG-Poszwald®, and Rotex® from e-nema, DE); B2.40 Pythium oligandrum, strain DV74 or Ml (ATCC 38472; e.g. Polyversum from Bioprepraty, CZ); B2.41 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3936 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.42 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3937 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.43 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3938 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.44 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3939 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.45 Scleroderma citrinum; B2.46 Trichoderma asperellum, strain ICC 012 from Isagro; B2.47 Trichoderma asperellum, strain SKT-1 (e.g. ECO- HOPE® from Kumiai Chemical Industry); B2.48 Trichoderma atroviride, strain CNCM 1-1237 (e.g. Esquive® WP from Agrauxine, FR); B2.49 Trichoderma atroviride, strain LC52 (e.g. Tenet by Agrimm Technologies Limited); B2.50 Trichoderma atroviride, strain ATCC 20476 (IMI 206040); B2.51 Trichoderma atroviride, strain Ti l (EVII352941/ CECT20498); B2.52 Trichoderma harmatum; B2.53 Trichoderma harzianum; B2.54 Trichoderma harzianum rifai T39 (e.g. Trichodex® from Makhteshim, US); B2.55 Trichoderma harzianum, in particular, strain KD (e.g. Trichoplus from Biological Control Products, SA (acquired by Becker Underwood)); B2.56 Trichoderma harzianum, strain KD (e.g. Eco-T from Plant Health Products, SZ); B2.57 Trichoderma harzianum, strain TH35 (e.g. Root-Pro by Mycontrol); B2.58 Trichoderma virens (also known as Gliocladium virens), in particular strain GL-21 (e.g. SoilGard 12G by Certis, US); B2.59 Trichoderma viride, strain TVl(e.g. Trianum-P by Koppert); B2.60 Beauveria bassiana, strain ATCC 74040 (e.g. Naturalis® from Intrachem Bio Italia); B2.61 Beauveria bas- siana strain GHA (Accession No. ATCC 74250; e.g. BotaniGuard Es and Mycontrol-0 from Laverlam Interna- - - tional Corporation); B2.62 Beauveria bassiana strain ATP02 (Accession No. DSM 24665); B2.63 Beauveria bas- siana strain CG 716 (e.g. BoveMax® from Novozymes); B2.64 Hirsutella citriformis; B2.65 Hirsutella thomp- sonii (with some strains e.g. Mycohit and ABTEC from Agro Bio-tech Research Centre, IN); B2.66 Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii) conidia of strain KV01 (e.g. Mycotal® and Vertalec® from Kop- pert Arysta); B2.67 Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii) conidia of strain DA- OM 198499; B2.68 Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii) conidia of strain DA- OM216596; B2.69 Lecanicillium muscarium (formerly Verticillium lecanii), strain VE 6 / CABI(=IMI) 268317/ CBS102071/ 2.70 ARSEF5128; B2.71 Metarhizium anisopliae, strain F52 (DSM3884/ ATCC 90448; e.g. BIO 1020 by Bayer CropScience and also e.g. Met52 by Novozymes); B2.72 Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (e.g. GreenGuard by Becker Underwood, US); B2.73 Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum isolate IMI 330189 (ARSEF7486; e.g. Green Muscle by Biological Control Products); B2.74 Nomuraea rileyi; B2.75 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea), strain apopka 97 (e.g. PreFeRal® WG from Biobest); B2.76 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea) strain FE 9901 (e.g. NoFly® from Natural Industries Inc., a Novozymes company); B2.77 Harposporium anguillullae; B2.78 Hirsutella minnesotensis; B2.79 Monacrosporium cionopagum; B2.80 Monacrosporium psychrophilum; B2.81 Myrothecium verrucaria, strain AARC-0255 (e.g. DiTeraTM by Valent Biosciences); B2.82 compositions comprising the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (commercially available as e.g. MELOCON® or BIOACTj; B2.83 Paecilomyces variotii, strain Q-09 (e.g. Nemaquim® from Quimia, MX); B2.84 compositions comprising the bacterium Pasteuria including Pasteuria usgae (commercially available as e.g. ECONEM®); B2.85 Stagonospora phaseoli (commercially available e.g. from Syngenta); B2.86 Trichoderma lignorum, in particular strain TL-0601 (e.g. Mycotric from Futureco Bioscience, ES); B2.87 Penicillium bilaii, strain ATCC 22348 (e.g. JumpStart® from Novozymes); B2.88 Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC 22348 (e.g. PB-50 PROVIDE from Philom Bios Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan); B2.89 Rhizopogon amylopogon (e.g. Myco-Sol from Helena Chemical Company); B2.90 Rhizopogon fulvigleba (e.g. Myco-Sol from Helena Chemical Company); B2.91 Trichoderma harzianum, strain TSTh20; B2.92 Phoma macrostroma, strain 94-44B (e.g. Phoma H and Phoma P by Scotts, US); B2.93 Sclerotinia minor, strain IMI 344141 (e.g. Sarritor by Agrium Advanced Technologies); B2.94 Ampelomyces quisqualis, in particular strain AQ 10 (e.g. AQ 10® by In- trachemBio Italia); B2.95 Arkansas fungus 18, ARF; B2.96 Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14940; B2.97 Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14941 ; B2.98 Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular mixtures of blastospores of strains DSM14940 and DSM14941 (e.g. Botector® by bio-ferm, CH); B2.99 Candida oleophila, strain O (e.g. Nexy ® by BioNext); B2.100 Candida oleophila, isolate I- 182 (e.g. Aspire® by Ecogen, US); B2.101 Candida saitoana, strain NRRL Y-21022 (by Biotechnology Research And Development Corporation); B2.102 Chaetomium cupreum (e.g. BIOKUPRUM TM by AgriLife); B2.103 Chaetomium globosum (e.g. Rivadiom by Rivale); B2.104 Cladosporium cladosporioides, strain H39 (by Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek); B2.105 Cryptococcus flavescens, strain 3C (NRRL Y-50378); B2.106 Dactylaria Candida; B2.107 Dilophosphora alopecuri (e.g. Twist Fungus); B2.108 Fusarium oxysporum, strain Fo47 (e.g. Fusaclean by Natural Plant Protection); B2.109 Gliocladium catenulatum (Synonym: Clonosta- chys rosea f. catenulate) strain J 1446 (e.g. Prestop ® by AgBio Inc. and also e.g. Primastop® by Kemira Agro Oy); B2.110 Penicillium vermiculatum; B2.111 Pichia anomala, strain WRL-076 (NRRL Y-30842); B2.112 Pseudozyma flocculosa, strain PF-A22 UL (e.g. Sporodex ® L by Plant Products Co., CA); B2.113 Trichoderma - - atroviride, strain SKT-1 (FERM P- 16510); B2.114 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SKT-2 (FERM P-16511); B2.115 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SKT-3 (FERM P-17021); B2.116 Trichoderma gamsii (formerly T. viride), strain ICC080 (EVII CC 392151 CABI, e.g. BioDerma by AGROBIOSOL DE MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V.); B2.117 Trichoderma harzianum, strain DB 103 (e.g. T-Gro 7456 by Dagutat Biolab); B2.118 Trichoderma polysporum, strain IMI 206039 (e.g. Binab TF WP by ΒΓΝΑΒ Bio-Innovation AB, Sweden); B2.119 Trichoderma stromaticum (e.g. Tricovab by Ceplac; Brazil); B2.120 Tsukamurella paurometabola, strain C-924 (e.g. HeberNem®); B2.121 Ulocladium oudemansii, in particular strain HRU3 (e.g. Botry-Zen® by Botry-Zen Ltd, NZ); B2.122 Verticillium albo-atrum (formerly V. dahliae), strain WCS850 (CBS 276.92; e.g. Dutch Trig by Tree Care Innovations); B2.123 Aschersonia aleyrodis; B2.124 Beauveria brongniartii (e.g. Beaupro from Andermatt Biocontrol AG); B2.125 Conidiobolus obscurus; B2.126 Entomophthora virulenta (e.g. Vektor from Ecomic); B2.127 Lagenidium giganteum; B2.128 Metarhizium flavoviride; B2.129 Mucor haemelis (e.g. BioAvard from Indore Biotech Inputs & Research); B2.130 Pandora delphacis; B2.131 Sporothrix insectorum (e.g. Sporothrix Es from Biocerto; BR); B2.132 Zoophtora radicans; B2.133 Fusarium solani, strain Fs5; B2.134 Hirsutella rhossiliensis; B2.135 Monac- rosporium drechsleri; B2.136 Monacrosporium gephyropagum; B2.137 Nematoctonus geogenius; B2.138 Nema- toctonus leiosporus; B2.139 Neocosmospora vasinfecta; B2.140 Paraglomus sp, in particular Paraglomus brasili- anum; B2.141 Pochonia chlamydosporia (also known as Vercillium chlamydosporium), in particular var catenula- ta (IMI SD 187; e.g. KlamiC from The National Center of Animal and Plant Health (CENSA); CU); B2.142 Stagonospora heteroderae; B2.143 Glomus aggregatum; B2.144 Glomus clarum; B2.145 Glomus deserticola; B2.146 Glomus etunicatum; B2.147 Glomus intraradices; B2.148 Glomus monosporum; B2.149 Glomus mosseae; B2.150 Laccaria bicolor; B2.151 Rhizopogon luteolus; B2.152 Rhizopogon tinctorus; B2.153 Rhizopogon vil- losulus; B2.154 Scleroderma cepa; B2.155 Suillus granulatus; B2.156 Suillus punctatapies; B2.157 Trichoderma harzianum, strain 1295-22; B2.158 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, strain ATCC 20358 (e.g. Collego (aka Lock- Down by Agriultural Research Initiatives); B2.159 Stagonospora atriplici; B2.160 Cylindrocarpon heteronema; B2.161 Exophiala jeanselmei; B2.162 Exophilia pisciphila; B2.163 Fusarium aspergilus; B2.164 Gigaspora mar- garita; B2.165 Gigaspora monosporum; B2.166 Glomus brasilianum; B2.167 Laccaria laccata; B2.168 Ophi- ostoma piliferum, strain D97 (e.g. Sylvanex); B2.169 Sarcocystis singaporensis; B2.170 Trichoderma asperellum, strain T34 (e.g. T34 Biocontrol by Bioncontrol Technologies, ES); B2.171 Meristacrum aster ospermum; B2.172 Muscodor albus, in particular strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547; described in US 2012/0114610); B2.173 Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SA86101 (cf. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. Vol. 46,No.l, pp 13-18); B2.174 Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain GU87401 (cf. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. Vol. 46,No.l, pp 13-18); B2.175 Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain SR86151 (cf. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. Vol. 46,No.l, pp 13-18); B2.176 Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain CG128 (cf. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. Vol. 46,No.l, pp 13-18); B2.177 Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strain VA9101 (cf. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. Vol. 46,No.l, pp 13-18); B2.178 Trichoderma album (product known as e.g. Bio-Zeid) and B2.179 mixtures of Trichoderma asperellum strain ICC 012 and Trichoderma gamsii strain ICC 080 (product known as e.g. BIO-TAM™ from Bayer CropScience LP, US).
In some embodiments of the invention such biological control agents which are summarized under the term fungi according to the invention include: B2.2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM- 9660); B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799 (Ac- - - cession No. NRRL 30547); B2.2.8 Paecilomyces lilacinus, spores of P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550); B2.2.26 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1835 (ATCC Accession No. 90304); B2.2.27 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1984 (DSM16201); B2.2.28 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1985 (DSM 16202); B2.2.29 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1986 (DSM16203); B2.2.30 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG B20/5 (EVII390096); B2.2.31 Phlebiopsis (or P/z/etez or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG SP log6 (EVII390097); B2.2.32 Phlebiopsis (or P/z/etez or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG SP log5 (EVII390098); B2.2.33 Phlebiopsis (or P/z/etez or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG BU3 (EVII390099); B2.2.34 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG BU4 (IMI390100); B2.2.35 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG 410.3 (IMI390101); B2.2.36 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG 97/1062/116/1.1 (EVII390102); B2.2.37 Phlebiopsis (or P/z/etez or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG B22/SP1287/3.1 (EVII390103); B2.2.38 Phlebiopsis (or /z/etez or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG SHI (EVII390104); B2.2.39 Phlebiopsis (or P/z/etez or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG B22/SP 1190/3.2 (IMI390105); B2.2.55 Trichoderma harzianum, strain KD; B2.2.58 Trichoderma virens (also known as Gliocladium virens), strain GL-21; B2.2.86 Trichoderma lignorum, strain TL-0601; B2.2.88 Penicillium bilaii, strain ATCC 22348; B2.2.96 Aureobasidium pullulans; Blastospores of strain DSM14940; B2.2.97 Aureo- basidium pullulans; Blastospores of strain DSM14941; B2.2.98 Aureobasidium pullulans, mixtures of blastospores of strains DSM14940 and DSM 14941 ; B2.2.121 Ulocladium oudemansii, strain HRU3; B2.2.140 Paraglomus sp, Paraglomus brasilianum; B2.2.141 Pochonia chlamydosporia (also known as Vercillium chlamydosporium); var. catenulata (EVII SD 187); B2.2.172 Muscodor albus, strain 620 (Accession No. NRRL 30547; B2.2.173 Nomu- raea rileyi, strain SA86101; B2.2.174 Nomuraea rileyi, strain GU87401; B2.2.175 Nomuraea rileyi, strain SR86151; B2.2.176 N ' omuraea rileyi, strain CG128 and B2.2.177 Nomuraea rileyi, strain VA9101.
According to the invention examples of protozoas to be used or employed according to the invention are (the num- bering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B3.1 Nosema locustae (product known as e.g. NoloBait); B3.2 Thelohania solenopsis and B3.3 Vairimorpha spp..
According to the invention examples of viruses to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B4.1 Adoxophyes or ana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV); (product known as e.g. BIOFA - Capex®); B4.2 Agrotis segetum (turnip moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV); B4.3 Anticarsia gemmatalis (Woolly pyrol moth) mNPV (product known as e.g. Polygen); B4.4 Autographa californica (Alfalfa Looper ) mNPV (product known as e.g. VPN80 from Agricola El Sol); B4.5 Biston suppressaria (tea looper) NPV; B4.6 Bombyx mori (silkworm) NPV; B4.7 Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) GV (product known as e.g. Cryptex); B4.8 Cydia pomonella (Codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) (product known as e.g. Madex Plus); B4.9 Dendrolimus punctatus (Mas- son pine moth) CPV; B4.10 Helicoverpa armigera NPV (product known as e.g. AgBiTech - ViVUS Max); B4. l l Helicoverpa (previously He liothis) zea (corn earworm) NPV (product known as e.g. Elcar); B4.12 Leu- coma salicis (satin moth) NPV; B4.13 Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) NPV (product known as e.g. Gypcheck); B4.14 Neodiprion abietis (balsam-fir sawfly) NPV (product known as e.g. Abietiv); B4.15 Neodiprion lecontei - 5 -
(red-headed pinesawfly) NPV (product known as e.g. Lecontvirus); B4.16 Neodiprion sertifer (Pine sawfly) NPV (product known as e.g. Neocheck-S); B4.17 Orgyia pseudotsugata (Douglas-fir tussock moth) NPV (product known as e.g. Virtuss); B4.18 Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf miner) GV (product known as e.g. Matapol); B4.19 Pieris rapae (small white) GV; B4.20 Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) GV (prod- uct known as e.g. Plutec); B4.21 Spodoptera albula (gray-streaked armywom moth) mNPV (product known as e.g. VPN 82); B4.22 Spodoptera exempta (true armyworm) mNPV (product known as e.g. Spodec); B4.23 Spodoptera exigua (sugarbeet armyworm) mNPV (product known as e.g. Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol); B4.24 Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) mNPV (product known as e.g. Baculovirus VPN); B4.25 Spodoptera littoralis (tobacco cutworm) NPV (procucts known as Spodoptrin from NPP Calliope France); and B4.26 Spodoptera litura (oriental leafworm moth) NPV (product known as e.g. Littovir).
According to the invention examples of nematodes to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B5.1 Abbreviata caucasica; B5.2 Acuaria spp.; B5.3 Agamermis decaudata; B5.4 Allantonema spp.; B5.5 Amphimermis spp.; B5.6 Bed- dingia (= Deladenus) siridicola; B5.7 Bovienema spp.; B5.7a Cameronia spp.; B5.8 Chitwoodiella ovofilamen- ta; B5.9 Contortylenchus spp.; B5.10 Culicimermis spp.; B5. l l Diplotriaena spp.; B5.12 Empidomermis spp.; B5.13 Filipjevimermis leipsandra; B5.14 Gastromermis spp.; B5.15 Gongylonema spp.; B5.16 Gynopoecilia pseudovipara; B5.17 Heterorhabditis spp., in particular Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (product known as e.g. B-Green); or Heterorhabditis baujardi, or Heterorhabditis heliothidis (product known as e.g. Nematon); or Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis megidis, Heterorhabditis zealandica; B5.18 Hexamermis spp.; B5.19 Hydromermis spp.; B5.20 Isomermis spp.; B5.21 Limnomermis spp.; B5.22 Maupasi- na weissi; B5.23 Mermis nigrescens; B5.24 Mesomermis spp.; B5.25 Neomesomermis spp.; B5.26 Neoparasity- lenchus rugulosi; B5.27 Octomyomermis spp.; B5.28 Parasitaphelenchus spp.; B5.29 Parasitorhabditis spp.; B5.30 Parasitylenchus spp.; B5.31 Perutilimermis culicis; B5.32 Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita; B5.33 Phy- saloptera spp.; B5.34 Protrellatus spp.; B5.35 Pterygodermatites spp.; B5.36 Romanomermis spp.; B5.37 Seuratum cadarachense; B5.38 Sphaerulariopsis spp.; B5.39 Spirura guianensis,B5A0 Steinernema spp. (= Neoaplectana spp.), in particular Steinernema carpocapsae (product known as e.g. Biocontrol); or Steinernema feltiae (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae); (product known as e.g. Nemasys®); or Steinernema glaseri (procucts known as Biotopia); or Steinernema kraussei (product known as e.g. Larvesure); or Steinernema riobrave (product known as e.g. Biovector); or Steinernema scapterisci (product known as e.g. Nematac S); or Stei- nernema scarabaei, or Steinernema siamkayai; B5.41 Strelkovimermis peterseni; B5.42 Subulura spp.; B5.43 Sulphuretylenchus elongatus and B5.44 Tetrameres spp
The term "proteins or secondary metabolite" refers to any compound, substance or byproduct of a fermentation of a microorganism that has pesticidal activity. The definition comprises any compound, substance or byproduct of a fermentation of a microorganism that has fungicidal activity. Examples of such proteins or secondary metabolites to be used or employed according to the invention are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): B6.1 Harpin (isolated by Erwinia amylovora, product known as e.g. Harp-N-Tek™, Messenger®, Employ™, ProAct™); B6.2 terpene constituents of extract of Chenopodium am- - - brosioides near ambrosioides as synthetically manufactured (product known as e.g. Requiem® from Bayer CropScience LP, US).
In some embodiments of the invention such biological control agents which are summarized under the term proteins or secondary metabolites according to the invention comprise B6.6.2 terpene constituents of extract of Che- nopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides as synthetically manufactured.
Unless indicated otherwise, the embodiments described below for the compositions disclosed herein are also applicable to respective embodiments of other aspects disclosed herein.
Preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of
Bl.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); B1.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153 (Accession No. NRRL 55614); B 1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608); B1.4 Bacillus sp. strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609); B 1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087); Bl.1.7 Bacillus pu- milus, strain GB34; B1.8 Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 (Accession No. NRRL B-21619); Bl.1.9 Strep- tomyces sp., strain having Accession No. NRRL B-30145; B 1.1.10 Streptomyces galbus (=Streptomyces gris- eoviridis), strain QST 6047 (Accession No. NRRL B-30232); Bl.1.11 Bacillus chitinosporus, strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618); B1.12 Bacillus mycoides, strain AQ726 (having Accession No. NRRL B- 21664); Bl.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662); Bl.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21665); B 1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663); Bl.1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS-1857 (SD- 1372); Bl.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; Bl.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No. NRRL B-50421); B 1.1.19 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455); B1.20 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain D747; B 1.1.21 Bacillus pumilus, strain BU F-33; B1.22 B. subtilis var. amy- loliquefaciens strain FZB24; B 1.1.23 Paenibacillus polymyxa, strain AC-1; B1.24 Pseudomonas prora- ife,B1.25 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI 600; B1.26 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain GB03; B1.27 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 101; B1.28 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain DB 102; B1.29 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate B246 ; B 1.1.30 Bacillus licheniformis, strain SB3086; B 1.1.31 Pseudomonas syrin- gae, strain MA-4,B1.32 Pseudomonas syringae strain 742RS; B 1.1.33 Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain 1629RS; B 1.1.34 Streptomyces galbus (Streptomyces griseoviridis), strain K61 (Accession No. DSM 7206); Bl.1.35 Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYEC108; Bl .1.36 Agrobacterium radiobacter, strain K84; B1.37 Ag- robacterium radiobacter strain K1026; B1.38 Bacillus lentimorbus; SI.39 Bacillus mycoides, isolate J.; B 1.1.40 Bacillus sphaericus, Serotype H5a5b strain 2362; B 1.41 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 from Becker Microbial Products, IL; B 1.1.42 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, serotype H-7; B1.43 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1; B1.44 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176; B1.45 Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis strain Buibui; Bl.1.46 Burkholderia spp., strain A396 (Accession No. NRRL B-50319); B l.1.47 Chromobacterium subtsugae, strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203); B1.48 Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly Bacillus popilliae); B1.49 Xenorhabdus luminescens; SI.50 - 7 -
Xenorhabdus nematophila; 51.1.51 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (serotype H-14); Bl.1.52 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain FZB42; B1.53 Bacillus cereus; B1.54 spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM 1-1562; B1.55 Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus); B1.56 Bacillus megaterium, strain YFM3.25; B1.57 Bacillus mojavensis, strain SRI 1 (CECT-7666); B1.58 Bacillus nemato- cida; 51.59 Pasteuria nishizawae; B 1.60 Pasteuria penetrans (formerly Bacillus penetrans); B 1.61 Pasteuria usgae; B1.62 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces lydicus; B1.63 compositions comprising nematicidal Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces saraceticus; B 1.1.64 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain IN937a; B 1.1.65 Bacillus cereus, strain BP01 (ATCC Accession No. 55675); B1.66 Bradyrhizobium japonicum; B 1.1.67 Delftia acidovorans, strain RAY209; B1.68 Lactobacillus sp.; B 1.1.69 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, strain PNl; B l.1.70 Rhizobium leguminosarum; Bv. viceae strain Z25 (Accession No. CECT 4585); B l.1.71 Streptomyces acidiscabies, strain RL-110T.
Preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi consisting of
B2.2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM-9660); B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fruc- ticola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799 (Accession No. NRRL 30547); B2.5 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SCI; B2.6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2 (also known as strain T-22, /ATCC Accession No. 208479); B2.7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548); B2.2.8 Paecilomyces lilacinus, spores of P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550); B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces flavus, strsLm VI 17b; B2.11 Trichoderma atro- viride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002388; B2.13 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002389; B2.14 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002390; B2.15 Trichoderma harzianum, strain ITEM 908; B2.16 Pseudozyma aphidis; 52.17 Pseudozyma aphidis (from Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem); B2.18 Arthrobotrys dactyloides; 52.19 Arthrobotrys oligospora; 52.20 Arthrobotrys superba; B2.21 Aspergillus flavus, strain NRRL 21882; B2.22 Aspergillus flavus, strain AF36; B2.23 Cryptococcus albidus; B2.24 Cryptococcus flavescens, strain 4C (Accession No. NRRL Y-50379); B2.25 Gliocladium roseum, strain 321U from W.F. Stoneman Company LLC; B2.2.26 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1835 (ATCC Accession No. 90304); B2.2.27 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1984 (DSM16201); B2.2.28 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1985 (DSM16202); B2.2.29 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain VRA 1986 (DSM16203); B2.2.30 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG B20/5 (IMI390096); B2.2.31 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG SP log6 (IMI390097); B2.2.32 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG SP log5 (IMI390098); B2.2.33 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG BU3 (IMI390099); B2.2.34 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG BU4 (IMI390100); B2.2.35 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG 410.3 (IMI390101); B2.2.36 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG 97/1062/116/1.1 (IMI390102); B2.2.37 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG B22/SP1287/3.1 (IMI390103); B2.2.38 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG - -
SHI (IMI390104); B2.2.39 Phlebiopsis (or Phlebia or Peniophora) gigantea, strain FOC PG B22/SP 1190/3.2 (IMI390105); B2.40 Pythium oligandrum, strain DV74 or Ml (ATCC 38472); B2.41 Sac- charomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3936 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.42 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3937 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.43 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3938 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.44 Saccharomyces cerevisae, strain CNCM No. 1-3939 (from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR); B2.45 Scleroderma citrinum; B2A6 Trichoderma asperellum, strain ICC 012 from Isagro; B2.47 Trichoderma asperellum, strain SKT-1; B2.48 Trichoderma atroviride, strain CNCM 1-1237; B2.49 Trichoderma atroviride, strain LC52; B2.50 Trichoderma atroviride, strain ATCC 20476 (IMI 206040); B2.51 Trichoderma atroviride, strain Ti l (IMI352941/ CECT20498); B2.52 Trichoderma harmatum; B2.53 Trichoderma harzianum; B2.54 Trichoderma harzianum rifai T39; B2.2.55 Trichoderma harzianum, strain KD,B2.56 Trichoderma harzianum, strain KD; B2.57 Trichoderma harzianum, strain TH35; B2.2.58 Trichoderma virens (also known as Gliocladium virens), strain GL-21; B2.59 Trichoderma viride, strain TV1Q; B2.60 Beauveria bassiana, strain ATCC 74040; B2.61 Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (ATCC Accession No. 74250); B2.62 Beauveria bassiana strain ATP02 (Accession No. DSM 24665); B2.63 Beauveria bassiana strain CG 716; B2.64 Hirsutella citriformis; B2.65 Hirsutella thompsonii; B2.66 Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii) conidia of strain KV01; B2.67 Lecani- cillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii) conidia of strain DAOM 198499; B2.68 Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii) conidia of strain DAOM216596; B2.69 Lecanicillium mus- carium (formerly Verticillium lecanii), strain VE 6 / CABI(=IMI) 268317/ CBS 102071/ ARSEF5128; B2.71 Metarhizium anisopliae, strain F52 (DSM3884/ ATCC 90448); B2.72 Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum; B2.73 Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum isolate IMI 330189 (ARSEF7486); B2.74 Nomuraea rileyi; B2.75 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea), strain apopka 97; B2.76 Paecilomyces fu- mosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea) strain FE 9901; B2.77 Harposporium anguillullae; B2.78 Hirsutella minnesotensis; B2.19 Monacrosporium cionopagum; 2.80 Monacrosporium psychrophilum; 2.81 My- rothecium verrucaria, strain AARC-0255; B2.82 compositions comprising the fungus Paecilomyces lilaci- nus; B2.83 Paecilomyces variotii, strain Q-09; B2.84 compositions comprising the bacterium Pasteuria including Pasteuria usgae; B2.85 Stagonospora phaseoli; B2.2.86 Trichoderma lignorum, strain TL-0601 ; B2.87 Penicillium bilaii, strain ATCC 22348; B2.2.88 Penicillium bilaii, strain ATCC 22348; B2.89 Rhizopogon amylopogon; B2.90 Rhizopogon fulvigleba; B2.91 Trichoderma harzianum, strain TSTh20; B2.92 Phoma macrostroma, strain 94-44B; B2.93 Sclerotinia minor, strain IMI 344141.
Preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of proteins or secondary metabolites consisiting of: B6.6.2 terpene constituents of extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides as synthetically manufactured.
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); B1.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153 (Accession No. NRRL 55614); B1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608); B1.4 Bacillus sp. - - strain AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609); B1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087); B 1.1.7 Bacillus pumilus, strain GB34; B1.8 Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 (Accession No. NRRL B-21619); Bl.1.9 Streptomyces sp., strain having Accession No. NRRL B-30145; B 1.1.10 Streptomyces galbus (=Streptomyces griseoviridis), strain QST 6047 (Accession No. NRRL B-30232); Bl.1.11 Bacillus chitinosporus, strain AQ746 (Accession No. NRRL B-21618); B1.12 Bacillus mycoides, strain AQ726 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21664); B 1.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717 (having Accession No. NRRL B21662); B 1.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743 (having Accession No. NRRL B-21665); B1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 (Accession No. NRRL B21663); Bl .1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS- 1857 (SD-1372); B 1.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; B 1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No. NRRL B-50421); Bl.1.19 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455.
Particularly preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of fungi consisting of B2.2.1 Coni- othyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8 (Accession No. DSM-9660); B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea; B2.2.4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799 (Accession No. NRRL 30547); B2.5 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SCI; B2.6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2 (also known as strain T-22, /ATCC Accession No. 208479); B2.7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548); B2.2.8 Paecilomyces lilacinus, spores of P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550); B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces flavus, strain VI 17b; B2. l l Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002388; B2.13 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002389; B2.14 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002390; B2.15 Trichoderma harzianum, strain ITEM 908.
Most preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of B 1.1 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713/AQ713 (available as SERENADE MAX from Bayer CropScience LP, US, having NRRL Accession No. B21661and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,060,051); B1.6 Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (available as Sonata® from Bayer CropScience LP, US, having Accession No. NRRL B-30087 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,245,551) and Bl.18 Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain AQ30002, (having Accession No. NRRL B-50421 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13/330,576).
Furthermore preferred are biological control agents selected from the group of bacteria consisting of B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713 (Accession No. NRRL B21661); Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL B-30087) and Bl.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, (Accession No. NRRL B- 50421).
The following combinations exemplify specific embodiments of the composition according to the present invention: - -
(I-l) + (Bl. l), (I-l) + (B1.2), (I-l) + (B1.3), (I-l) + (B1.4), (I-l) + (B1.5), (I-l) + (B1.6), (I-l) + (B1.7), (I-l) + (B1.8), (I-l) + (B1.9), (I-l) + (B1.10), (I-l) + (Bl. l l), (I-l) + (B1.12), (I-l) + (B1.13), (I-l) + (B1.14), (I-l) + (B1.15), (I-l) + (B1.16), (I-l) + (B1.17), (I-l) + (B1.18), (I-l) + (B1.19), (I-l) + (B1.20), (I-l) + (B1.21), (I-l) + (B1.22), (I-l) + (B1.23), (I-l) + (B1.24), (I-l) + (B1.25), (I-l) + (B1.26), (I-l) + (B1.27), (I-l) + (B1.28), (I-l) + (B1.29), (I-l) + (B1.30), (I-l) + (B1.31), (I-l) + (B1.32), (I-l) + (B1.33), (I-l) + (B1.34), (I-l) + (B1.35), (I-l) + (B1.36), (I-l) + (B1.37), (I-l) + (B1.38), (I-l) + (B1.39), (I-l) + (B1.40), (I-l) + (B1.41), (I-l) + (B1.42), (I-l) + (B1.43), (I-l) + (B1.44), (I-l) + (B1.45), (I-l) + (B1.46), (I-l) + (B1.47), (I-l) + (B1.48), (I-l) + (B1.49), (I-l) + (B1.50), (I-l) + (B1.51), (I-l) + (B1.52), (I-l) + (B1.53), (I-l) + (B1.54), (I-l) + (B1.55), (I-l) + (B1.56), (I-l) + (B1.57), (I-l) + (B1.58), (I-l) + (B1.59), (I-l) + (B1.60), (I-l) + (B1.61), (I-l) + (B1.62), (I-l) + (B1.63), (I-l) + (B1.64), (I-l) + (B1.65), (I-l) + (B1.66), (I-l) + (B1.67), (I-l) + (B1.68), (I-l) + (B1.69), (I-l) + (B1.70), (I-l) + (B1.71), (I-l) + (B1.72), (I-l) + (B1.73), (I-l) + (B1.74), (I-l) + (B1.75), (I-l) + (B1.76), (I-l) + (B1.77), (I-l) + (B1.78), (I-l) + (B1.79), (I-l) + (B1.80), (I-l) + (B1.81), (I-l) + (B1.82), (I-l) + (B1.83), (I-l) + (B1.84), (I-l) + (B1.85), (I-l) + (B1.86), (I-l) + (B1.87), (I-l) + (B1.88), (I-l) + (B1.89), (I-l) + (B1.90), (I-l) + (B1.91), (I-l) + (B1.92), (I-l) + (B1.93), (I-l) + (B1.94), (I-l) + (B1.95), (I-l) + (B1.96), (I-l) + (B1.97), (I-l) + (B1.98), (I-l) + (B1.99), (I-l) + (B1.100), (I-l) + (B1.101), (I-l) + (B1.102), (I-l) + (B1.103), (I-l) + (B1.104), (I-l) + (B1.105), (I-l) + (B1.106), (I-l) + (B1.107), (I-l) + (B1.108), (I-l) + (B1.109), (I-l) + (Bl.l 10), (I-l) + (Bl.l 11), (I-l) + (Bl.l 12), (I-l) + (Bl.l 13), (I-l) + (Bl.l 14), (I-l) + (Bl.l 15), (I-l) + (Bl.l 16), (I-l) + (Bl.l 17), (I-l) + (Bl.l 18), (I-l) + (Bl.l 19), (I-l) + (B1.120), (I-l) + (B1.121), (I-l) + (B1.122), (I-l) + (B1.123), (I-l) + (B1.124), (I-l) + (B1.125), (I-l) + (B1.126), (I-l) + (B1.127), (I-l) + (B1.128), (I-l) + (B1.129), (I-l) + (B1.130), (I-l) + (B1.131), (I-l) + (B1.132), (I-l) + (B1.133), (I-l) + (B1.134), (I-l) + (B1.135), (I-l) + (B1.136), (I-l) + (B1.137), (I-l) + (B1.138), (I-l) + (B1.139), (I-l) + (B1.140), (I-l) + (B1.141), (I-l) + (B1.142), (I-l) + (B1.143), (I-l) + (B1.144), (I-l) + (B1.145), (I-l) + (B1.146), (I-l) + (B1.147), (I-l) + (B1.148), (I-l) + (B1.149), (I-l) + (B1.150), (I-l) + (B1.151), (I-l) + (B1.152), (I-l) + (B1.153), (I-l) + (B1.154), (I-l) + (B1.155), (I-l) + (B1.156), (I-l) + (B1.157), (I-l) + (B1.158), (I-l) + (B1.159), (I-l) + (B1.160), (I-l) + (B1.161), (I-l) + (B1.162), (I-l) + (B1.163), (I-l) + (B1.164), (I-l) + (B1.165), (I-l) + (B1.166), (I-l) + (B1.167), (I-l) + (B1.168), (I-l) + (B1.169), (I-l) + (B1.170), (I-l) + (B1.171), (I-l) + (B1.172), (I-l) + (B1.173), (I-l) + (B1.174), (I-l) + (B1.175), (I-l) + (B1.176), (I-l) + (B1.177), (I-l) + (B1.178), (I-l) + (B1.179), (I-l) + (B1.180), (I-l) + (B1.181), (I-l) + (B1.182), (I-l) + (B1.183), (I-l) + (B1.184), (I-l) + (B1.185), (I-l) + (B1.186), (I-l) + (B1.187), (I-l) + (B1.188), (I-l) + (B1.189), (I-l) + (B1.190), (I-l) + (B1.191), (I-l) + (B1.192), (I-l) + (B1.193), (I-l) + (B1.194), (I-l) + (B1.195), (I-l) + (B1.196), (I-l) + (B1.197), (I-l) + (B1.198), (I-l) + (B1.199), (I-l) + (Bl.1.1), (I-l) + (Bl.1.6), (I-l) + (Bl.1.7), (I-l) + (Bl.1.9), (I-l) + (Bl. l.10), (I-l) + (Bl.1.11), (I-l) + (Bl.l.13), (I-l) + (Bl.l.14), (I-l) + (Bl. l.16), (I-l) + (Bl.l.17), (I-l) + (Bl.l.18), (I-l) + (Bl. l.19), (I-l) + (Bl.1.21), (I-l) + (Bl.1.23), (I-l) + (Bl.1.30), (I-l) + (Bl.1.31), (I-l) + (Bl.1.33), (I-l) + (Bl.1.34), (I-l) + (Bl.1.35), (I-l) + (Bl.1.36), (I-l) + (B 1.1.40), (I-l) + (Bl.l.42), (I-l) + (Bl.1.46), (I-l) + (B 1.1.47), (I-l) + (Bl.1.51), (I-l) + (Bl.1.52), (I-l) + (Bl.1.64), (I-l) + (Bl.1.65), (I-l) + (Bl.1.67), (I-l) + (Bl.1.69), (I-l) + (Bl.1.70), (I-l) + (Bl.1.71), (I-l) + (Bl.1.74), (I-l) + (Bl.1.75), (I-l) + (Bl.1.76), (I-l) + (Bl.1.77), (I-l) + (Bl.1.81), (I-l) + (Bl.1.82), (I-l) + (Bl.1.83), (I-l) + (Bl.1.84), (I-l) + (Bl.1.85), (I-l) + (Bl.1.86), (I-l) + (Bl.1.87), (I-l) + (Bl.1.89), (I-l) + (B 1.1.90), (I-l) + (B l.1.93), (I-l) + (Bl.l.103), (I-l) + (Bl. l.124), (I-l) + (Bl. l.125), (I-l) + - -
(Bl.1.129), (I-l) + (Bl.1.130), (I-l) + (Bl.1.149), (I-l) + (Bl.1.162), (I-l) + (Bl.1.163), (I-l) + (Bl.1.164), (I- 1) + (Bl.1.165), (I-l) + (Bl.1.167), (I-l) + (Bl.1.168), (I-l) + (Bl.1.169), (I-l) + (Bl.1.170), (I-l) + (Bl.1.171), (I-l) + (Bl.1.172), (I-l) + (Bl.1.173), (I-l) + (Bl.1.174), (I-l) + (Bl.1.178), (I-l) + (Bl.1.179), (I- 1) + (Bl.1.180), (I-l) + (Bl.1.181), (I-l) + (Bl.1.189), (I-l) + (Bl.1.193), (I-l) + (Bl.1.196), (I-l) + (B2.1), (I- 1) + (B2.2), (I-l) + (B2.3), (I-l) + (B2.4), (I-l) + (B2.5), (I-l) + (B2.6), (I-l) + (B2.7), (I-l) + (B2.8), (I-l) + (B2.9), (I-l) + (B2.10), (I-l) + (B2. l l), (I-l) + (B2.12), (I-l) + (B2.13), (I-l) + (B2.14), (I-l) + (B2.15), (I-l) + (B2.16), (I-l) + (B2.17), (I-l) + (B2.18), (I-l) + (B2.19), (I-l) + (B2.20), (I-l) + (B2.21), (I-l) + (B2.22), (I-l) + (B2.23), (I-l) + (B2.24), (I-l) + (B2.25), (I-l) + (B2.26), (I-l) + (B2.27), (I-l) + (B2.28), (I-l) + (B2.29), (I-l) + (B2.30), (I-l) + (B2.31), (I-l) + (B2.32), (I-l) + (B2.33), (I-l) + (B2.34), (I-l) + (B2.35), (I-l) + (B2.36), (I-l) + (B2.37), (I-l) + (B2.38), (I-l) + (B2.39), (I-l) + (B2.40), (I-l) + (B2.41), (I-l) + (B2.42), (I-l) + (B2.43), (I-l) + (B2.44), (I-l) + (B2.45), (I-l) + (B2.46), (I-l) + (B2.47), (I-l) + (B2.48), (I-l) + (B2.49), (I-l) + (B2.50), (I-l) + (B2.51), (I-l) + (B2.52), (I-l) + (B2.53), (I-l) + (B2.54), (I-l) + (B2.55), (I-l) + (B2.56), (I-l) + (B2.57), (I-l) + (B2.58), (I-l) + (B2.59), (I-l) + (B2.60), (I-l) + (B2.61), (I-l) + (B2.62), (I-l) + (B2.63), (I-l) + (B2.64), (I-l) + (B2.65), (I-l) + (B2.66), (I-l) + (B2.67), (I-l) + (B2.68), (I-l) + (B2.69), (I-l) + (B2.70), (I-l) + (B2.71), (I-l) + (B2.72), (I-l) + (B2.73), (I-l) + (B2.74), (I-l) + (B2.75), (I-l) + (B2.76), (I-l) + (B2.77), (I-l) + (B2.78), (I-l) + (B2.79), (I-l) + (B2.80), (I-l) + (B2.81), (I-l) + (B2.82), (I-l) + (B2.83), (I-l) + (B2.84), (I-l) + (B2.85), (I-l) + (B2.86), (I-l) + (B2.87), (I-l) + (B2.88), (I-l) + (B2.89), (I-l) + (B2.90), (I-l) + (B2.91), (I-l) + (B2.92), (I-l) + (B2.93), (I-l) + (B2.94), (I-l) + (B2.95), (I-l) + (B2.96), (I-l) + (B2.97), (I-l) + (B2.98), (I-l) + (B2.99), (I-l) + (B2.100), (I-l) + (B2.101), (I-l) + (B2.102), (I-l) + (B2.103), (I-l) + (B2.104), (I-l) + (B2.105), (I-l) + (B2.106), (I-l) + (B2.107), (I-l) + (B2.108), (I-l) + (B2.109), (I-l) + (B2.110), (I-l) + (B2.111), (I-l) + (B2.112), (I-l) + (B2.113), (I-l) + (B2.114), (I-l) + (B2.115), (I-l) + (B2.116), (I-l) + (B2.117), (I-l) + (B2.118), (I-l) + (B2.119), (I-l) + (B2.120), (I-l) + (B2.121), (I-l) + (B2.122), (I-l) + (B2.123), (I-l) + (B2.124), (I-l) + (B2.125), (I-l) + (B2.126), (I-l) + (B2.127), (I-l) + (B2.128), (I-l) + (B2.129), (I-l) + (B2.130), (I-l) + (B2.131), (I-l) + (B2.132), (I-l) + (B2.133), (I-l) + (B2.134), (I-l) + (B2.135), (I-l) + (B2.136), (I-l) + (B2.137), (I-l) + (B2.138), (I-l) + (B2.139), (I-l) + (B2.140), (I-l) + (B2.141), (I-l) + (B2.142), (I-l) + (B2.143), (I-l) + (B2.144), (I-l) + (B2.145), (I-l) + (B2.146), (I-l) + (B2.147), (I-l) + (B2.148), (I-l) + (B2.149), (I-l) + (B2.150), (I-l) + (B2.151), (I-l) + (B2.152), (I-l) + (B2.153), (I-l) + (B2.154), (I-l) + (B2.155), (I-l) + (B2.156), (I-l) + (B2.157), (I-l) + (B2.158), (I-l) + (B2.159), (I-l) + (B2.160), (I-l) + (B2.161), (I-l) + (B2.162), (I-l) + (B2.163), (I-l) + (B2.164), (I-l) + (B2.165), (I-l) + (B2.166), (I-l) + (B2.167), (I-l) + (B2.168), (I-l) + (B2.169), (I-l) + (B2.170), (I-l) + (B2.171), (I-l) + (B2.172), (I-l) + (B2.173), (I-l) + (B2.174), (I-l) + (B2.175), (I-l) + (B2.176), (I-l) + (B2.177), (I-l) + (B2.178), (I-l) + (B2.179), (I-l) + (B2.2.1), (I-l) + (B2.2.2), (I-l) + (B2.2.4), (I-l) + (B2.2.8), (I-l) + (B2.2.26), (I-l) + (B2.2.27), (I-l) + (B2.2.28), (I-l) + (B2.2.29), (I-l) + (B2.2.30), (I-l) + (B2.2.31), (I-l) + (B2.2.32), (I- 1) + (B2.2.33), (I-l) + (B2.2.34), (I-l) + (B2.2.35), (I-l) + (B2.2.36), (I-l) + (B2.2.37), (I-l) + (B2.2.38), (I-l) + (B2.2.39), (I-l) + (B2.2.55), (I-l) + (B2.2.58), (I-l) + (B2.2.86), (I-l) + (B2.2.88), (I-l) + (B2.2.94), (I-l) + (B2.2.96), (I-l) + (B2.2.97), (I-l) + (B2.2.98), (I-l) + (B2.2.121), (I-l) + (B2.2.140), (I-l) + (B2.2.141), (I-l) + (B2.2.172), (I-l) + (B2.2.173), (I-l) + (B2.2.174), (I-l) + (B2.2.175), (I-l) + (B2.2.176), (I-l) + (B2.2.177), (I- 1) + (B3.1), (I-l) + (B3.2), (I-l) + (B3.3), (I-l) + (B4.1), (I-l) + (B4.2), (I-l) + (B4.3), (I-l) + (B4.4), (I-l) + (B4.5), (I-l) + (B4.6), (I-l) + (B4.7), (I-l) + (B4.8), (I-l) + (B4.9), (I-l) + (B4.10), (I-l) + (B4.l l), (I-l) + (B4.12), (I-l) + (B4.13), (I-l) + (B4.14), (I-l (B4.15), I-l) + (B4.16), (I-l) + (B4.17), (I-l) + (B4.18), (I-l) + (B4.19), (I-l) + (B4.20), (I-l) + (B4.21), (I-l (B4.22), I-l) + (B4.23), (I-l) + (B4.24), (I-l) + (B4.25), (I-l) + (B4.26), (I-l) + (B5.1), (I-l) + (B5.2), (I-l (B5.3), I-l) + (B5.4), (I-l) + (B5.5), (I-l) + (B5.6), (I-l) + (B5.7), (I-l) + (B5.8), (I-l) + (B5.9), (I-l) + (B5.10), (I-l) + (B5.l l), (I-l) + (B5.12), (I-l) + (B5.13), (I-l) + (B5.14), (I-l) + (B5.15), (I-l) + (B5.16), (I-l + (B5.17), I-l) + (B5.18), (I-l) + (B5.19), (I-l) + (B5.20), (I-l) + (B5.21), (I-l) + (B5.22), (I-l) + (B5.23), (I-l + (B5.24), I-l) + (B5.25), (I-l) + (B5.26), (I-l) + (B5.27), (I-l) + (B5.28), (I-l) + (B5.29), (I-l) + (B5.30), (I-l + (B5.31), I-l) + (B5.32), (I-l) + (B5.33), (I-l) + (B5.34), (I-l) + (B5.35), (I-l) + (B5.36), (I-l) + (B5.37), (I-l + (B5.38), I-l) + (B5.39), (I-l) + (B5.40), (I-l) + (B5.41), (I-l) + (B5.42), (I-l) + (B5.43), (I-l) + (B5.44), (I-l + (B6.1), ( 1) + (B6.2), (I-1) + (B6.6.2),
(1-2) + (Bl. l), (1-2) + (B1.2), (1-2) + (B1.3), 1-2) + (B1.4), (1-2) + (B1.5), (1-2) + (B1.6), (1-2) + (B1.7), (1-2) + (B1.8), (1-2) + (B1.9), (1-2) + (B1.10), (1-2) (Bl. l l), ( 2) + (B1.12), (1-2) + (B1.13), (1-2) + (B1.14), (1-2) + (B 1.15), (1-2) + (B 1.16), (1-2) + (B 1.17), (1-2 + (B1.18), 1-2) + (B1.19), (1-2) + (B1.20), (1-2) + (B1.21), (1-2) + (B1.22), (1-2) + (B1.23), (1-2) + (B1.24), (1-2 + (B1.25), 1-2) + (B1.26), (1-2) + (B1.27), (1-2) + (B1.28), (1-2) + (B1.29), (1-2) + (B1.30), (1-2) + (B1.31), (1-2 + (B1.32), 1-2) + (B1.33), (1-2) + (B1.34), (1-2) + (B1.35), (1-2) + (B1.36), (1-2) + (B1.37), (1-2) + (B1.38), (1-2 + (B1.39), 1-2) + (B1.40), (1-2) + (B1.41), (1-2) + (B1.42), (1-2) + (B1.43), (1-2) + (B1.44), (1-2) + (B1.45), (1-2 + (B1.46), 1-2) + (B1.47), (1-2) + (B1.48), (1-2) + (B1.49), (1-2) + (B1.50), (1-2) + (B1.51), (1-2) + (B1.52), (1-2 + (B1.53), 1-2) + (B1.54), (1-2) + (B1.55), (1-2) + (B1.56), (1-2) + (B1.57), (1-2) + (B1.58), (1-2) + (B1.59), (1-2 + (B1.60), 1-2) + (B1.61), (1-2) + (B1.62), (1-2) + (B1.63), (1-2) + (B1.64), (1-2) + (B1.65), (1-2) + (B1.66), (1-2 + (B1.67), 1-2) + (B1.68), (1-2) + (B1.69), (1-2) + (B1.70), (1-2) + (B 1.71), (1-2) + (B 1.72), (1-2) + (B 1.73), (1-2 + (B1.74), 1-2) + (B1.75), (1-2) + (B1.76), (1-2) + (B1.77), (1-2) + (B1.78), (1-2) + (B1.79), (1-2) + (B1.80), (1-2 + (B1.81), 1-2) + (B1.82), (1-2) + (B1.83), (1-2) + (B1.84), (1-2) + (B1.85), (1-2) + (B1.86), (1-2) + (B1.87), (1-2 + (B1.88), 1-2) + (B1.89), (1-2) + (B1.90), (1-2) + (B1.91), (1-2) + (B1.92), (1-2) + (B1.93), (1-2) + (B1.94), (1-2 + (B1.95), 1-2) + (B1.96), (1-2) + (B1.97), (1-2) + (B1.98), (1-2) + (B1.99), (1-2) + (B 1.100), (1-2) + (B 1.101 (1-2) + (Bl.l 02), (1-2) + (B 1.103), (1-2) + (B 1.104), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 05), (1-2) + (Bl 106), (1-2) + (Bl.l 07), (1-2) + (Bl 108), (1-2) + (Bl.l 09), (1-2) + (Bl.l 10), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 11), (1-2) + (Bl 112), (1-2) + (Bl.l 13), (1-2) + (Bl 114), (1-2) + (Bl.l 15), (1-2) + (Bl.l 16), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 17), (1-2) + (Bl 118), (1-2) + (Bl.l 19), (1-2) + (Bl 120), (1-2) + (B 1.121), (1-2) + (Bl.l 22), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 23), (1-2) + (Bl 124), (1-2) + (B 1.125), (1-2) + (Bl 126), (1-2) + (Bl.l 27), (1-2) + (B 1.128), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 29), (1-2) + (Bl 130), (1-2) + (Bl.l 31), (1-2) + (Bl 132), (1-2) + (Bl.l 33), (1-2) + (Bl.l 34), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 35), (1-2) + (Bl 136), (1-2) + (Bl.l 37), (1-2) + (Bl 138), (1-2) + (Bl.l 39), (1-2) + (Bl.l 40), (1-2) +
(B 1.141), (1-2) + (Bl 142), (1-2) + (Bl.l 43), (1-2) + (Bl 144), (1-2) + (Bl.l 45), (1-2) + (Bl.l 46), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 47), (1-2) + (Bl 148), (1-2) + (Bl.l 49), (1-2) + (Bl 150), (1-2) + (Bl.l 51), (1-2) + (Bl.l 52), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 53), (1-2) + (Bl 154), (1-2) + (Bl.l 55), (1-2) + (Bl 156), (1-2) + (Bl.l 57), (1-2) + (Bl.l 58), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 59), (1-2) + (Bl 160), (1-2) + (Bl.l 61), (1-2) + (Bl 162), (1-2) + (Bl.l 63), (1-2) + (Bl.l 64), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 65), (1-2) + (Bl 166), (1-2) + (Bl.l 67), (1-2) + (Bl 168), (1-2) + (Bl.l 69), (1-2) + (Bl.l 70), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 71), (1-2) + (Bl 172), (1-2) + (Bl.l 73), (1-2) + (Bl 174), (1-2) + (Bl.l 75), (1-2) + (Bl.l 76), (1-2) +
(Bl.l 77), (1-2) + (Bl 178), (1-2) + (Bl.l 79), (1-2) + (Bl 180), (1-2) + (Bl.l 81), (1-2) + (Bl. l 82), (1-2) +
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(1-3) + (Bl. l), (1-3) + (B1.2), (1-3) + (B1.3), (1-3) + (B1.4), (1-3) + (B1.5), (1-3) + (B1.6), (1-3) + (B1.7), (1-3) + (B1.8), (1-3) + (B1.9), (1-3) + (B1.10), (1-3) + (Bl. l l), (1-3) + (B1.12), (1-3) + (B1.13), (1-3) + (B1.14), (1-3) + (B1.15), (1-3) + (B1.16), (1-3) + (B1.17), (1-3) + (B1.18), (1-3) + (B1.19), (1-3) + (B1.20), (1-3) + (B1.21), (1-3) + (B1.22), (1-3) + (B1.23), (1-3) + (B1.24), (1-3) + (B1.25), (1-3) + (B1.26), (1-3) + (B1.27), (1-3) + (B1.28), (1-3) + (B1.29), (1-3) + (B1.30), (1-3) + (B1.31), (1-3) + (B1.32), (1-3) + (B1.33), (1-3) + (B1.34), (1-3) + (B1.35), (1-3) + (B1.36), (1-3) + (B1.37), (1-3) + (B1.38), (1-3) + (B1.39), (1-3) + (B1.40), (1-3) + (B1.41), (1-3) + (B1.42), (1-3) + (B1.43), (1-3) + (B1.44), (1-3) + (B1.45), (1-3) + (B1.46), (1-3) + (B1.47), (1-3) + (B1.48), (1-3) + (B1.49), (1-3) + (B1.50), (1-3) + (B1.51), (1-3) + (B1.52), (1-3) + (B1.53), (1-3) + (B1.54), (1-3) + (B1.55), (1-3) + (B1.56), (1-3) + (B1.57), (1-3) + (B1.58), (1-3) + (B1.59), (1-3) + (B1.60), (1-3) + (B1.61), (1-3) + (B1.62), (1-3) + (B1.63), (1-3) + (B1.64), (1-3) + (B1.65), (1-3) + (B1.66), (1-3) + (B1.67), (1-3) + (B1.68), (1-3) + (B1.69), (1-3) + (B1.70), (1-3) + (B1.71), (1-3) + (B1.72), (1-3) + (B1.73), (1-3) + (B1.74), (1-3) + (B1.75), (1-3) + (B1.76), (1-3) + (B1.77), (1-3) + (B1.78), (1-3) + (B1.79), (1-3) + (B1.80), (1-3) + (B1.81), (1-3) + (B1.82), (1-3) + (B1.83), (1-3) + (B1.84), (1-3) + (B1.85), (1-3) + (B1.86), (1-3) + (B1.87), (1-3) + (B1.88), (1-3) + (B1.89), (1-3) + (B1.90), (1-3) + (B1.91), (1-3) + (B1.92), (1-3) + (B1.93), (1-3) + (B1.94), (1-3) + (B1.95), (1-3) + (B1.96), (1-3) + (B1.97), (1-3) + (B1.98), (1-3) + (B1.99), (1-3) + (B1.100), (1-3) + (B1.101), (1-3) + (B1.102), (1-3) + (B1.103), (1-3) + (B1.104), (1-3) + (Bl.l 05), (1-3) + (Bl.l 06), (1-3) + (Bl.l 07), (1-3) + (Bl.l 08), (1-3) + (Bl.l 09), (1-3) + (Bl.l 10), (1-3) + (Bl.l 11), (1-3) + (Bl.l 12), (1-3) + (Bl.l 13), (1-3) + (Bl.l 14), (1-3) + (Bl.l 15), (1-3) + (Bl.l 16), (1-3) + (Bl.l 17), (1-3) + (Bl.l 18), (1-3) + (Bl.l 19), (1-3) + (B1.120), (1-3) + (B1.121), (1-3) + (B1.122), (1-3) + (B 1.123), (1-3) + (B 1.124), (1-3) + (B 1.125), (1-3) + (B 1.126), (1-3) + (B 1.127), (1-3) + (B 1.128), (1-3) + (B1.129), (1-3) + (B1.130), (1-3) + (B1.131), (1-3) + (B1.132), (1-3) + (B1.133), (1-3) + (B1.134), (1-3) + (B1.135), (1-3) + (B1.136), (1-3) + (B1.137), (1-3) + (B1.138), (1-3) + (B1.139), (1-3) + (B1.140), (1-3) + - 5 -
(B 1.141), (1-3) + (B 1.142), (1-3) + (B 1.143), (1-3) + (B 1.144), (1-3) + (B 1.145), (1-3) + (B 1.146), (1-3) + (B 1.147), (1-3) + (B1.148), (1-3) + (B 1.149), (1-3) + (B1.150), (1-3) + (B1.151), (1-3) + (B 1.152), (1-3) + (B 1.153), (1-3) + (B 1.154), (1-3) + (B 1.155), (1-3) + (B 1.156), (1-3) + (B 1.157), (1-3) + (B 1.158), (1-3) + (B 1.159), (1-3) + (B 1.160), (1-3) + (B 1.161), (1-3) + (B 1.162), (1-3) + (B 1.163), (1-3) + (B 1.164), (1-3) + (B 1.165), (1-3) + (B 1.166), (1-3) + (B 1.167), (1-3) + (B 1.168), (1-3) + (B 1.169), (1-3) + (B 1.170), (1-3) + (B 1.171), (1-3) + (B 1.172), (1-3) + (B 1.173), (1-3) + (B 1.174), (1-3) + (B 1.175), (1-3) + (B 1.176), (1-3) + (B 1.177), (1-3) + (B 1.178), (1-3) + (B 1.179), (1-3) + (B 1.180), (1-3) + (B 1.181), (1-3) + (B 1.182), (1-3) + (B 1.183), (1-3) + (B 1.184), (1-3) + (B 1.185), (1-3) + (B 1.186), (1-3) + (B 1.187), (1-3) + (B 1.188), (1-3) + (B 1.189), (1-3) + (B 1.190), (1-3) + (B 1.191), (1-3) + (B 1.192), (1-3) + (B 1.193), (1-3) + (B 1.194), (1-3) + (B 1.195), (1-3) + (B 1.196), (1-3) + (B 1.197), (1-3) + (B 1.198), (1-3) + (B 1.199), (1-3) + (B 1.1.1), (1-3) + (Bl.1.6), (1-3) + (Bl.1.7), (1-3) + (Bl.1.9), (1-3) + (Bl.1.10), (1-3) + (Bl.1.11), (1-3) + (Bl.1.13), (1-3) + (Bl.1.14), (1-3) + (Bl.1.16), (1-3) + (Bl.1.17), (1-3) + (Bl.1.18), (1-3) + (Bl.1.19), (1-3) + (Bl.1.21), (1-3) + (Bl.1.23), (1-3) + (Bl.1.30), (1-3) + (Bl.1.31), (1-3) + (Bl.1.33), (1-3) + (Bl.1.34), (1-3) + (Bl.1.35), (1-3) + (Bl.1.36), (1-3) + (B 1.1.40), (1-3) + (B 1.1.42), (1-3) + (Bl.1.46), (1-3) + (B 1.1.47), (1-3) + (Bl.1.51), (1-3) + (B 1.1.52), (1-3) + (B 1.1.64), (1-3) + (B 1.1.65), (1-3) + (B 1.1.67), (1-3) + (B 1.1.69), (1-3) + (B 1.1.70), (1-3) + (B 1.1.71), (1-3) + (B 1.1.74), (1-3) + (B 1.1.75), (1-3) + (B 1.1.76), (1-3) + (B 1.1.77), (1-3) + (B 1.1.81), (1-3) + (Bl.1.82), (1-3) + (Bl.1.83), (1-3) + (Bl.1.84), (1-3) + (Bl.1.85), (1-3) + (Bl.1.86), (1-3) + (Bl.1.87), (1-3) + (Bl.1.89), (1-3) + (B 1.1.90), (1-3) + (B l.1.93), (1-3) + (Bl.1.103), (1-3) + (Bl.1.124), (1-3) + (Bl.1.125), (1-3) + (Bl.1.129), (1-3) + (Bl.1.130), (1-3) + (Bl.1.149), (1-3) + (Bl.1.162), (1-3) + (Bl.1.163), (1-3) + (Bl.1.164), (I- 3) + (Bl.1.165), (1-3) + (Bl.1.167), (1-3) + (Bl.1.168), (1-3) + (Bl.1.169), (1-3) + (Bl.1.170), (1-3) + (Bl.1.171), (1-3) + (Bl.1.172), (1-3) + (Bl.1.173), (1-3) + (Bl.1.174), (1-3) + (Bl.1.178), (1-3) + (Bl.1.179), (I- 3) + (Bl.1.180), (1-3) + (Bl.1.181), (1-3) + (Bl.1.189), (1-3) + (Bl.1.193), (1-3) + (Bl.1.196), (1-3) + (B2.1), (I- 3) + (B2.2), (1-3) + (B2.3), (1-3) + (B2.4), (1-3) + (B2.5), (1-3) + (B2.6), (1-3) + (B2.7), (1-3) + (B2.8), (1-3) + (B2.9), (1-3) + (B2.10), (1-3) + (B2. l l), (1-3) + (B2.12), (1-3) + (B2.13), (1-3) + (B2.14), (1-3) + (B2.15), (1-3) + (B2.16), (1-3) + (B2.17), (1-3) + (B2.18), (1-3) + (B2.19), (1-3) + (B2.20), (1-3) + (B2.21), (1-3) + (B2.22), (1-3) + (B2.23), (1-3) + (B2.24), (1-3) + (B2.25), (1-3) + (B2.26), (1-3) + (B2.27), (1-3) + (B2.28), (1-3) + (B2.29), (1-3) + (B2.30), (1-3) + (B2.31), (1-3) + (B2.32), (1-3) + (B2.33), (1-3) + (B2.34), (1-3) + (B2.35), (1-3) + (B2.36), (1-3) + (B2.37), (1-3) + (B2.38), (1-3) + (B2.39), (1-3) + (B2.40), (1-3) + (B2.41), (1-3) + (B2.42), (1-3) + (B2.43), (1-3) + (B2.44), (1-3) + (B2.45), (1-3) + (B2.46), (1-3) + (B2.47), (1-3) + (B2.48), (1-3) + (B2.49), (1-3) + (B2.50), (1-3) + (B2.51), (1-3) + (B2.52), (1-3) + (B2.53), (1-3) + (B2.54), (1-3) + (B2.55), (1-3) + (B2.56), (1-3) + (B2.57), (1-3) + (B2.58), (1-3) + (B2.59), (1-3) + (B2.60), (1-3) + (B2.61), (1-3) + (B2.62), (1-3) + (B2.63), (1-3) + (B2.64), (1-3) + (B2.65), (1-3) + (B2.66), (1-3) + (B2.67), (1-3) + (B2.68), (1-3) + (B2.69), (1-3) + (B2.70), (1-3) + (B2.71), (1-3) + (B2.72), (1-3) + (B2.73), (1-3) + (B2.74), (1-3) + (B2.75), (1-3) + (B2.76), (1-3) + (B2.77), (1-3) + (B2.78), (1-3) + (B2.79), (1-3) + (B2.80), (1-3) + (B2.81), (1-3) + (B2.82), (1-3) + (B2.83), (1-3) + (B2.84), (1-3) + (B2.85), (1-3) + (B2.86), (1-3) + (B2.87), (1-3) + (B2.88), (1-3) + (B2.89), (1-3) + (B2.90), (1-3) + (B2.91), (1-3) + (B2.92), (1-3) + (B2.93), (1-3) + (B2.94), (1-3) + (B2.95), (1-3) + (B2.96), (1-3) + (B2.97), (1-3) + (B2.98), (1-3) + (B2.99), (1-3) + (B2.100), (1-3) + (B2.101), (1-3) + (B2.102), (1-3) + (B2.103), (1-3) + (B2.104), (1-3) + (B2.105), (1-3) + (B2.106), (1-3) + (B2.107), (1-3) + (B2.108), (1-3) + (B2.109), (1-3) + (B2.110), (1-3) + (B2.111), (1-3) + (B2.112), (1-3) + (B2.113), (1-3) + (B2.114), (1-3) + (B2.115), (1-3) + (B2.116), (1-3) + (B2.117), (1-3) + - -
(B2.118), (1-3) + (B2.119), (1-3) + (B2.120), (1-3) + (B2.121), (1-3) + (B2.122), (1-3) + (B2.123), (1-3) + (B2.124), (1-3) + (B2.125), (1-3) + (B2.126), (1-3) + (B2.127), (1-3) + (B2.128), (1-3) + (B2.129), (1-3) + (B2.130), (1-3) + (B2.131), (1-3) + (B2.132), (1-3) + (B2.133), (1-3) + (B2.134), (1-3) + (B2.135), (1-3) + (B2.136), (1-3) + (B2.137), (1-3) + (B2.138), (1-3) + (B2.139), (1-3) + (B2.140), (1-3) + (B2.141), (1-3) + (B2.142), (1-3) + (B2.143), (1-3) + (B2.144), (1-3) + (B2.145), (1-3) + (B2.146), (1-3) + (B2.147), (1-3) + (B2.148), (1-3) + (B2.149), (1-3) + (B2.150), (1-3) + (B2.151), (1-3) + (B2.152), (1-3) + (B2.153), (1-3) + (B2.154), (1-3) + (B2.155), (1-3) + (B2.156), (1-3) + (B2.157), (1-3) + (B2.158), (1-3) + (B2.159), (1-3) + (B2.160), (1-3) + (B2.161), (1-3) + (B2.162), (1-3) + (B2.163), (1-3) + (B2.164), (1-3) + (B2.165), (1-3) + (B2.166), (1-3) + (B2.167), (1-3) + (B2.168), (1-3) + (B2.169), (1-3) + (B2.170), (1-3) + (B2.171), (1-3) + (B2.172), (1-3) + (B2.173), (1-3) + (B2.174), (1-3) + (B2.175), (1-3) + (B2.176), (1-3) + (B2.177), (1-3) + (B2.178), (1-3) + (B2.179), (1-3) + (B2.2.1), (1-3) + (B2.2.2), (1-3) + (B2.2.4), (1-3) + (B2.2.8), (1-3) + (B2.2.26), (1-3) + (B2.2.27), (1-3) + (B2.2.28), (1-3) + (B2.2.29), (1-3) + (B2.2.30), (1-3) + (B2.2.31), (1-3) + (B2.2.32), (I- 3) + (B2.2.33), (1-3) + (B2.2.34), (1-3) + (B2.2.35), (1-3) + (B2.2.36), (1-3) + (B2.2.37), (1-3) + (B2.2.38), (1-3) + (B2.2.39), (1-3) + (B2.2.55), (1-3) + (B2.2.58), (1-3) + (B2.2.86), (1-3) + (B2.2.88), (1-3) + (B2.2.94), (1-3) + (B2.2.96), (1-3) + (B2.2.97), (1-3) + (B2.2.98), (1-3) + (B2.2.121), (1-3) + (B2.2.140), (1-3) + (B2.2.141), (1-3) + (B2.2.172), (1-3) + (B2.2.173), (1-3) + (B2.2.174), (1-3) + (B2.2.175), (1-3) + (B2.2.176), (1-3) + (B2.2.177), (I- 3) + (B3.1), (1-3) + (B3.2), (1-3) + (B3.3), (1-3) + (B4.1), (1-3) + (B4.2), (1-3) + (B4.3), (1-3) + (B4.4), (1-3) + (B4.5), (1-3) + (B4.6), (1-3) + (B4.7), (1-3) + (B4.8), (1-3) + (B4.9), (1-3) + (B4.10), (1-3) + (B4.l l), (1-3) + (B4.12), (1-3) + (B4.13), (1-3) + (B4.14), (1-3) + (B4.15), (1-3) + (B4.16), (1-3) + (B4.17), (1-3) + (B4.18), (1-3) + (B4.19), (1-3) + (B4.20), (1-3) + (B4.21), (1-3) + (B4.22), (1-3) + (B4.23), (1-3) + (B4.24), (1-3) + (B4.25), (1-3) + (B4.26), (1-3) + (B5.1), (1-3) + (B5.2), (1-3) + (B5.3), (1-3) + (B5.4), (1-3) + (B5.5), (1-3) + (B5.6), (1-3) + (B5.7), (1-3) + (B5.8), (1-3) + (B5.9), (1-3) + (B5.10), (1-3) + (B5.l l), (1-3) + (B5.12), (1-3) + (B5.13), (1-3) + (B5.14), (1-3) + (B5.15), (1-3) + (B5.16), (1-3) + (B5.17), (1-3) + (B5.18), (1-3) + (B5.19), (1-3) + (B5.20), (1-3) + (B5.21), (1-3) + (B5.22), (1-3) + (B5.23), (1-3) + (B5.24), (1-3) + (B5.25), (1-3) + (B5.26), (1-3) + (B5.27), (1-3) + (B5.28), (1-3) + (B5.29), (1-3) + (B5.30), (1-3) + (B5.31), (1-3) + (B5.32), (1-3) + (B5.33), (1-3) + (B5.34), (1-3) + (B5.35), (1-3) + (B5.36), (1-3) + (B5.37), (1-3) + (B5.38), (1-3) + (B5.39), (1-3) + (B5.40), (1-3) + (B5.41), (1-3) + (B5.42), (1-3) + (B5.43), (1-3) + (B5.44), (1-3) + (B6.1), (1-3) + (B6.2), (1-3) + (B6.6.2).
The following combinations are particularly preferred:
(1-1) + (Bl. l), (1-1) + (B1.6), (1-1) + (B1.18), (1-2) + (Bl. l), (1-2) + (B1.6), (1-2) + (B1.18), (1-3) + (Bl. l), (1-3) + (B1.6), (1-3) + (B1.18), (1-1) + (B l.1.1), (1-1) + (B 1.1.6), (1-1) + (Bl. l.18), (1-2) + (B l.1.1), (1-2) + (Bl.1.6), (1-2) + (Bl. l.18), (1-3) + (Bl.1.1), (1-3) + (Bl.1.6), (1-3) + (Bl.l.18).
In the context of the present invention the term "composition" shall mean a physical mixture comprising compounds of the formula (I) and at least one biological control agent.
As used herein, the term "comprising" is to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, components or compounds as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, components or compounds, or groups thereof. Thus, e.g. a composition comprising a - 7 - compound of the formula (I) and at least on biological control agent may comprise more compounds or more biological control agents than the actually cited ones, i.e. the composition may further comprise at least one compound (C) selected from the group consisting of fungicides. However, in context with the present disclosure, the term "comprising" also encloses "consisting of and "including".
As used herein the term "at least one" shall refer to either one compound or biological control agent or the like, but also encompasses the presence of at least two, at least three or at least four compounds or biological control agents or the like.
The compositions may be used alone or in combination with other active ingredients such as fungicides. The ac- tive ingredients specified herein by their "common name" are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual. Where a compound can be present in tautomeric form, such a compound is understood herein before mentioned and herein below also to include, where applicable, corresponding tautomeric forms, even when these are not specifically mentioned in each case.
Examples of such fungicides to be used in combination with the inventive composition are (the numbering is used throughout the complete following description of the invention): 1) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example (1.1) aldimorph, (1.2) azaconazole, (1.3) bitertanol, (1.4) bromuconazole, (1.5) cyproconazole, (1.6) diclobutrazole, (1.7) difenoconazole, (1.8) diniconazole, (1.9) diniconazole-M, (1.10) dodemorph, (1.11) dode- morph acetate, (1.12) epoxiconazole, (1.13) etaconazole, (1.14) fenarimol, (1.15) fenbuconazole, (1.16) fen- hexamid, (1.17) fenpropidin, (1.18) fenpropimorph, (1.19) fluquinconazole, (1.20) fli^rimidol, (1.21) flusi- lazole, (1.22) flutriafol, (1.23) furconazole, (1.24) furconazole-cis, (1.25) hexaconazole, (1.26) imazalil, (1.27) imazalil sulfate, (1.28) imibenconazole, (1.29) ipconazole, (1.30) metconazole, (1.31) myclobutanil, (1.32) naf- tifine, (1.33) nuarimol, (1.34) oxpoconazole, (1.35) paclobutrazol, (1.36) pefurazoate, (1.37) penconazole, (1.38) piperalin, (1.39) prochloraz, (1.40) propiconazole, (1.41) prothioconazole, (1.42) pyributicarb, (1.43) py- rifenox, (1.44) quinconazole, (1.45) simeconazole, (1.46) spiroxamine, (1.47) tebuconazole, (1.48) terbinafine, (1.49) tetraconazole, (1.50) triadimefon, (1.51) triadimenol, (1.52) tridemorph, (1.53) triflumizole, (1.54) trifo- rine, (1.55) triticonazole, (1.56) uniconazole, (1.57) uniconazole-p, (1.58) viniconazole, (1.59) voriconazole, (1.60) l-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(lH-l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)cycloheptanol, (1.61) methyl l-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-l-yl)-lH-imidazole-5-carboxylate, (1-62) N'-{5-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-4-[3-
(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.63) N-ethyl-N-methyl-N'-{2-methyl-5- (trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}imidoformamide, (1.64) 0-[ l-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3- dimethylbutan-2-yl] lH-imidazole-l-carbothioate, (1.65) Pyrisoxazole.
2) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or II, for example (2.1) bixafen, (2.2) boscalid, (2.3) carboxin, (2.4) diflumetorim, (2.5) fenfuram, (2.6) fluopyram, (2.7) flutolanil, (2.8) fluxapyroxad, (2.9) furametpyr, (2.10) furmecyclox, (2.11) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.12) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.13) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (2.14) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (2.15) isopyrazam (syn epime- ric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (2.16) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9R), (2.17) isopyrazam (syn- - - epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9S), (2.18) mepronil, (2.19) oxycarboxin, (2.20) penflufen, (2.21) penthiopyrad, (2.22) sedaxane, (2.23) thifluzamide, (2.24) l-methyl-N-[2-(l,l,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3- (trifluoromethyl)- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.25) 3-(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl -N-[2-(l, 1,2,2- tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.26) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4-fluoro-2-(l, 1,2,3 ,3,3- hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl] - 1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.27) N-[ 1 -(2,4-dichlorophenyl)- 1 - methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.28) 5,8-difluoro-N-[2-(2- fluoro-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl]quinazolin-4-amine, (2.29) benzovindiflupyr, (2.30) N-[(lS,4R)-9-(dichloromethylene)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.31) N-[(lR,4S)-9-(dichloromethylene)- 1,2,3 ,4-tetrahydro- 1,4- methanonaphthalen-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)- 1-methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.32) 3-(difluoromethyl)- l-methyl-N-(l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.33) 1,3,5-trimethyl-N- (l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.34) l-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)- N-(l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.35) l-methyl-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.36) 1 - methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
(2.37) 3-(difluoromethyl)- l-methyl-N-[(3 S)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, (2.38) 3-(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl-N-[(3R)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- 1H- pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.39) 1 ,3,5-trimethyl-N-[(3R)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- 1H- pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.40) 1 ,3,5-trimethyl-N-[(3 S)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- 1H- pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.41) benodanil, (2.42) 2-chloro-N-(l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4- yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, (2.43) Isofetamid.
3) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, for example (3.1) ametoctradin, (3.2) amisulbrom, (3.3) azoxystrobin, (3.4) cyazofamid, (3.5) coumethoxystrobin, (3.6) coumoxystrobin, (3.7) dimoxystrobin, (3.8) enoxastrobin, (3.9) famoxadone, (3.10) fenamidone, (3.11) flufenoxystrobin, (3.12) fluoxastrobin, (3.13) kre- soxim-methyl, (3.14) metominostrobin, (3.15) orysastrobin, (3.16) picoxystrobin, (3.17) pyraclostrobin, (3.18) pyrametostrobin, (3.19) pyraoxystrobin, (3.20) pyribencarb, (3.21) triclopyricarb, (3.22) trifloxystrobin, (3.23) (2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)-2-(methoxyimino)-N- methylacetamide, (3.24) (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-(2- { [( {( 1 E)- 1 -[3-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)acetamide, (3.25) (2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N- methyl-2-{2-[(E)-({ l-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethoxy}imino)methyl]phenyl}acetamide, (3.26) (2E)-2-{2- [( { [( 1 E)- 1 -(3 - { [(E)- 1 -fluoro-2-phenylvinyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylidene]amino} oxy)methyl]phenyl} -2- (methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide, (3.27) Fenaminostrobin, (3.28) 5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2-{[({(lE)-l-[3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazol-3-one, (3.29) methyl (2E)-2-{2-[({cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}sulfanyl)methyl]phenyl}-3- methoxyacrylate, (3.30) N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-formamido-2-hydroxybenzamide, (3.31) 2-{2- [(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl} -2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, (3.32) 2- {2-[(2,5- dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide. - -
4) Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division, for example (4.1) benomyl, (4.2) carbendazim, (4.3) chlorfenazole, (4.4) diethofencarb, (4.5) ethaboxam, (4.6) fluopicolide, (4.7) fuberidazole, (4.8) pencycuron, (4.9) thiabendazole, (4.10) thiophanate-methyl, (4.11) thiophanate, (4.12) zoxamide, (4.13) 5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-l- yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[l,2,4]triazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine, (4.14) 3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl- 4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine.
5) Compounds capable to have a multisite action, for example (5.1) bordeaux mixture, (5.2) captafol, (5.3) cap- tan, (5.4) chlorothalonil, (5.5) copper hydroxide, (5.6) copper naphthenate, (5.7) copper oxide, (5.8) copper oxychloride, (5.9) copper(2+) sulfate, (5.10) dichlofluanid, (5.11) dithianon, (5.12) dodine, (5.13) dodine free base, (5.14) ferbam, (5.15) fluorofolpet, (5.16) folpet, (5.17) guazatine, (5.18) guazatine acetate, (5.19) iminoc- tadine, (5.20) iminoctadine albesilate, (5.21) iminoctadine triacetate, (5.22) mancopper, (5.23) mancozeb, (5.24) maneb, (5.25) metiram, (5.26) metiram zinc, (5.27) oxine-copper, (5.28) propamidine, (5.29) propineb, (5.30) sulfur and sulfur preparations including calcium polysulfide, (5.31) thiram, (5.32) tolylfluanid, (5.33) zineb, (5.34) ziram, (5.35) anilazine.
6) Compounds capable to induce a host defence, for example (6.1) acibenzolar-S-methyl, (6.2) isotianil, (6.3) probenazole, (6.4) tiadinil, (6.5) laminarin.
7) Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis, for example (7.1) andoprim, (7.2) blasticidin-S, (7.3) cyprodinil, (7.4) kasugamycin, (7.5) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, (7.6) mepanipyrim, (7.7) pyrimetha- nil, (7.8) 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-l-yl)quinoline, (7.9) oxytetracycline, (7.10) streptomycin. 8) Inhibitors of the ATP production, for example (8.1) fentin acetate, (8.2) fentin chloride, (8.3) fentin hydroxide, (8.4) silthiofam.
9) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis, for example (9.1) benthiavalicarb, (9.2) dimethomorph, (9.3) flumorph, (9.4) iprovalicarb, (9.5) mandipropamid, (9.6) polyoxins, (9.7) polyoxorim, (9.8) validamycin A, (9.9) valife- nalate, (9.10) polyoxin B. 10) Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis, for example (10.1) biphenyl, (10.2) chloroneb, (10.3) di- cloran, (10.4) edifenphos, (10.5) etridiazole, (10.6) iodocarb, (10.7) iprobenfos, (10.8) isoprothiolane, (10.9) propamocarb, (10.10) propamocarb hydrochloride, (10.11) prothiocarb, (10.12) pyrazophos, (10.13) quintozene, (10.14) tecnazene, (10.15) tolclofos-methyl.
11) Inhibitors of the melanin biosynthesis, for example (11.1) carpropamid, (11.2) diclocymet, (11.3) fenoxanil, (11.4) phthalide, (11.5) pyroquilon, (11.6) tricyclazole, (11.7) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl { 3 -methyl- 1- [(4- methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl} carbamate.
12) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example (12.1) benalaxyl, (12.2) benalaxyl-M (kiralaxyl), (12.3) bupirimate, (12.4) clozylacon, (12.5) dimethirimol, (12.6) ethirimol, (12.7) furalaxyl, (12.8) hymexazol, (12.9) - - metalaxyl, (12.10) metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), (12.11) ofurace, (12.12) oxadixyl, (12.13) oxolinic acid, (12.14) octhilinone.
13) Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example (13.1) chlozolinate, (13.2) fenpiclonil, (13.3) fludioxonil, (13.4) iprodione, (13.5) procymidone, (13.6) quinoxyfen, (13.7) vinclozolin, (13.8) proquinazid. 14) Compounds capable to act as an uncoupler, for example (14.1) binapacryl, (14.2) dinocap, (14.3) ferimzone,
(14.4) fluazinam, (14.5) meptyldinocap.
15) Further compounds, for example (15.1) benthiazole, (15.2) bethoxazin, (15.3) capsimycin, (15.4) carvone,
(15.5) chinomethionat, (15.6) pyriofenone (chlazafenone), (15.7) cufraneb, (15.8) cyflufenamid, (15.9) cy- moxanil, (15.10) cyprosulfamide, (15.11) dazomet, (15.12) debacarb, (15.13) dichlorophen, (15.14) di- clomezine, (15.15) difenzoquat, (15.16) difenzoquat metilsulfate, (15.17) diphenylamine, (15.18) ecomate, (15.19) fenpyrazamine, (15.20) flumetover, (15.21) fluoroimide, (15.22) flusulfamide, (15.23) flutianil, (15.24) fosetyl-aluminium, (15.25) fosetyl-calcium, (15.26) fosetyl-sodium, (15.27) hexachlorobenzene, (15.28) iru- mamycin, (15.29) methasulfocarb, (15.30) methyl isothiocyanate, (15.31) metrafenone, (15.32) mildiomycin, (15.33) natamycin, (15.34) nickel dimethyldithio carbamate, (15.35) nitrothal-isopropyl, (15.37) oxamocarb, (15.38) oxyfenthiin, (15.39) pentachlorophenol and salts, (15.40) phenothrin, (15.41) phosphorous acid and its salts, (15.42) propamocarb-fosetylate, (15.43) propanosine-sodium, (15.44) pyrimorph, (15.45) (2E)-3-(4-tert- butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-l-(moφholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-l-one, (15.46) (2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)- 3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-l-(moφholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-l-one, (15.47) pyrrolnitrine, (15.48) tebufloquin, (15.49) tecloftalam, (15.50) tolnifanide, (15.51) triazoxide, (15.52) trichlamide, (15.53) zarilamid, (15.54) (3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl- 4,9-dioxo-l,5-dioxonan-7-yl 2-methylpropanoate, (15.55) l-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro- l,2-oxazol-3-yl]-l,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-l-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]ethanone, (15.56) l-(4- {4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro- 1 ,2-oxazol-3-yl]- 1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin- 1 -yl)-2-[5- methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]ethanone, (15.57) l-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-l,2- oxazol-3-yl]-l,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-l-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]ethanone,
(15.58) l-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl lH-imidazole-l-carboxylate, (15.59) 2,3,5,6- tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine, (15.60) 2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one, (15.61) 2,6-dimethyl-lH,5H-[l,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-l,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone, (15.62) 2-[5-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)- lH-pyrazol- 1-yl]- 1-(4- {4-[(5R)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro- 1 ,2-oxazol-3-yl]- 1 ,3-thiazol-2- yl}piperidin-l-yl)ethanone, (15.63) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]-l-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl- 4,5-dihydro- 1 ,2-oxazol-3-yl]- 1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin- l-yl)ethanone, (15.64) 2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 1 -yl] - l- {4-[4-(5 -phenyl-4,5-dihydro- 1 ,2-oxazol-3 -yl)- 1 ,3 -thiazol-2-yl]piperidin- 1 -yl } ethanone, (15.65) 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one, (15.66) 2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-l-(2,6-difluoro-4- methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-lH-imidazol-5-yl]pyridine, (15.67) 2-phenylphenol and salts, (15.68) 3-(4,4,5- trifluoro-3 ,3-dimethyl-3 ,4-dihydroisoquinolin- 1 -yl)quinoline, ( 15.69) 3 ,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile, (15.70) 3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine, (15.71) 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5- (2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine, (15.72) 5-amino-l,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, (15.73) 5-chloro-N'- - - phenyl-N'-(prop-2-yn-l-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide, (15.74) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4- amine, (15.75) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.76) 5-methyl-6- octyl[l,2,4]triazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, (15.77) ethyl (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate, (15.78) N'- (4- { [3-(4-chlorobenzyl)- 1 ,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy} -2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.79) N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-l-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide, (15.80) N-[(4- chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl] -3 - [3 -methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn- 1 -yloxy)phenyl]propanamide, (15.81) N- [(5-bromo- 3 -chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl] -2,4-dichloronicotinamide, ( 15.82) N-[ 1 -(5-bromo-3 -chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4- dichloronicotinamide, (15.83) N- [ 1 -(5-bromo-3 -chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl] -2-fluoro-4-iodonicotinamide, (15.84) N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-phenylacetam (15.85) N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2- phenylacetamide, (15.86) N'-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-l,2-thiazol-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylphenyl}-N- ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.87) N-methyl-2-( 1 - { [5-methyl-3 -(trifluoromethyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 1 - yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-l-yl)-l,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.88) N-methyl- 2-( 1 - { [5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 1 -yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[( 1 R)- 1 ,2,3 ,4- tetrahydronaphthalen- 1 -yl] - 1 ,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.89) N-methyl-2-( 1 - { [5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 1 -yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N- [( 1 S)- 1 ,2,3 ,4-tetrahydronaphthalen- 1 -yl]- 1 ,3 -thiazole-4-carboxamide, (15.90) pentyl { 6- [( { [( 1 -methyl- 1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino } oxy)methyl]pyridin-2- yljcarbamate, (15.91) phenazine-l-carboxylic acid, (15.92) quinolin-8-ol, (15.93) quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2: 1), ( 15.94) tert-butyl {6-[( { [( 1 -methyl- 1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino} oxy)methyl]pyridin-2- yl} carbamate, (15.95) l-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, (15.96) N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3 -(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.97) N-(2',4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3 -(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.98) 3- (difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.99) N-(2',5'- difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-l-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.100) 3-(difluoromethyl)- 1 -methyl -N-[4'-(prop- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl]- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.101) 5-fluoro- 1 ,3 -dimethyl -N- [4'-(prop- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl] - lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.102) 2-chloro-N-[4'-(prop- 1 -yn- 1 - yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.103) 3 -(difluoromethyl)-N- [4'-(3 ,3 -dimethylbut- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl] - 1 - methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.104) N-[4'-(3 ,3 -dimethylbut- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro- 1 ,3- dimethyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, ( 15.105) 3 -(difluoromethyl)-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)- 1 -methyl- 1H- pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.106) N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-l,3-dimethyl-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, (15.107) 2-chloro-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide, (15.108) 2-chloro-N-[4'-(3,3- dimethylbut- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.109) 4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N- [4'-
(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-l,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide, (15.110) 5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-l- yn-l-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-l,3-dimethyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.111) 2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3- methylbut-l-yn-l-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.112) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-l- yn-l-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-l -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.113) 5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3- methylbut- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl] -1,3 -dimethyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.114) 2-chloro-N- [4'-(3 - methoxy-3 -methylbut- 1 -yn- 1 -yl)biphenyl-2-yl]nicotinamide, (15.115) (5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3- yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)methanone, (15.116) N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-l-yl]oxy}-3- - - methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N2-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide, (15.117) 4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, (15.118) but-3-yn- 1 -yl {6- [( { [(Z)-( 1 -methyl- 1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino} oxy)methyl]pyridin-2- yljcarbamate, (15.119) 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-ol (tautomeric form: 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(lH)- one), (15.120) propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, (15.121) l,3-dimethyl-N-(l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH- inden-4-yl)- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.122) 1,3 -dimethyl -N- [(3 R)- 1 , 1 ,3 -trimethyl-2,3 -dihydro- 1 H-inden- 4-yl]- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.123) 1 ,3-dimethyl-N-[(3 S)- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.124) [3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,2-oxazol-4- yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.125) (S)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,2-oxazol-4- yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.126) (R)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,2-oxazol-4- yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (15.127) 2-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4- dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.128) l-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2- yl]methyl}-lH-l,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.129) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-l-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4- difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-lH-l,2,4-triazole, (15.130) 2-[l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6- trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.131) 2-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2- (2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl} -2,4-dihydro-3H- 1 ,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.132) 2- { [rel(2R,3R)-3-(2- chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.133) 1- {[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-lH-l,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.134) 1- { [rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl} - 1H- 1 ,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (15.135) 5-(allylsulfanyl)-l-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2- yl]methyl} - 1H- 1 ,2,4-triazole, (15.136) 5-(allylsulfanyl)- 1- { [rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4- difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl} - 1H- 1 ,2,4-triazole, (15.137) 2-[(2S,4S,5S)- l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5- hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl] -2,4-dihydro-3H- 1 ,2,4-triazole-3 -thione, (15.138) 2-[(2R,4S,5 S)- 1 -(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.139) 2- [(2R,4R,5R)-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hy<i-oxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihy(i-o-3H-l,2,4-tri thione, (15.140) 2-[(2S,4R,5R)-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hy<i-oxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H- l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.141) 2-[(2S,4S,5R)-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]- 2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.142) 2-[(2R,4S,5R)-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6- trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.143) 2-[(2R,4R,5S)-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5- hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl] -2,4-dihydro-3H- 1 ,2,4-triazole-3 -thione, ( 15.144) 2-[(2S,4R,5 S)- 1 -(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-l,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (15.145) 2- fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)benzamide, (15.146) 2-(6- benzylpyridin-2-yl)quinazoline, (15.147) 2-[6-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylpyridin-2-yl]quinazoline, (15.148) 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-l-yl)quinoline, (15.149) Abscisic acid, (15.150) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-methoxy-l-methyl-N-[l-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)propan-2-yl]-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, (15.151) N'-[5-bromo-6-(2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-2-yloxy)-2-methylpyridin-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N- methylimidoformamide, (15.152) N'- {5-bromo-6-[ 1 -(3 ,5-difluorophenyl)ethoxy] -2-methylpyridin-3 -yl} -N- ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.153) N'- {5-bromo-6-[( 1 R)- 1 -(3 ,5-difluorophenyl)ethoxy]-2- methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.154) N'-{5-bromo-6-[(lS)-l-(3,5- difluorophenyl)ethoxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (15.155) N'-{5-bromo-6- - -
[(cis-4-isopropylcyclohexyl)oxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-em^ (15.156) N'-{5- bromo-6-[(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexyl)oxy]-2-methylpyridm^
(15.157) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-isopropylbenzyl)-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, (15.158) N-cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyclopropylbenzyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.159) N-(2-tert-butylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.160) N-(5-chloro-2-ethylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3 -(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.161) N-(5-chloro-2-isopropylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-
(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro- 1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.162) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)- N-(2-ethyl-5-fluorobenzyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.163) N-cyclopropyl-3- (difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-2-isopropylbenzyl)- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.164) N- cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyclopropyl-5-fluorobenzyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, ( 15.165) N-(2-cyclopentyl-5-fluorobenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro- 1 -methyl - lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.166) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-6- isopropylbenzyl)-l -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.167) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(2- ethyl-5-methylbenzyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.168) N-cyclopropyl-3-
(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzyl)-l -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.169) N- cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4- carboxamide, (15.170) N-(2-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.171) N-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-N-cyclopropyl-3- (difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.172) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5- fluoro-l-methyl-N-[5-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.173) N-[2-chloro-6- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxami (15.174) N-[3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-l-m lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.175) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-4,5-dimethylbenzyl)-5- fluoro- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.176) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2- isopropylbenzyl)- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carbothioamide, (15.177) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(7-fluoro- 1 , 1 ,3- trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl)-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.178) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N- [(3R)-7-fluoro- 1 , 1 ,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro- lH-inden-4-yl]- 1 -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (15.179) 3- (difluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-7-fluoro-l,l,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-4-yl]-l-methyl-lH-pyrazole-4 carboxamide.
All named mixing partners of the classes (1) to (15) can, if their functional groups enable this, optionally form salts with suitable bases or acids.
Although the composition according to the present invention comprises compounds of the formula (I) and at least a biological control agent, the final used composition is usually formulated to be suitable for agrochemical application e.g. by mixing the compounds of the formula (I) with the biological control agent and an additional component such as suitable extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners, adjuvants or the like. Those compositions are referred to as formulations. - -
Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention such formulations, and application forms prepared from them, are provided as crop protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, such as drench, drip and spray liquors, comprising the composition of the invention. The application forms may comprise activity- enhancing adjuvants such as penetrants, examples being vegetable oils such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, mineral oils such as, for ex- ample, liquid paraffins, alkyl esters of vegetable fatty acids, such as rapeseed oil or soybean oil methyl esters, or alkanol alkoxylates, and/or spreaders such as, for example, alkylsiloxanes and/or salts, examples being organic or inorganic ammonium or phosphonium salts, examples being ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and/or retention promoters such as dioctyl sulphosuccinate or hydroxypropylguar polymers and/or humec- tants such as glycerol and/or fertilizers such as ammonium, potassium or phosphorous fertilizers, for example. Examples of typical formulations include water-soluble liquids (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions in water (EW), suspension concentrates (SC, SE, FS, OD), water-dispersible granules (WG), granules (GR) and capsule concentrates (CS); these and other possible types of formulation are described, for example, by Crop Life International and in Pesticide Specifications, Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers - 173, prepared by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pes- ticide Specifications, 2004, ISBN: 9251048576. The formulations may comprise active agrochemical compounds other than one or more active compounds of the invention.
The formulations or application forms in question preferably comprise auxiliaries, such as extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, biocides, thickeners and/or other auxiliaries, such as adjuvants, for example. An adjuvant in this context is a component which enhances the biological ef- feet of the formulation, without the component itself having a biological effect. Examples of adjuvants are agents which promote the retention, spreading, attachment to the leaf surface, or penetration.
These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with auxiliaries such as, for example, extenders, solvents and/or solid carriers and/or further auxiliaries, such as, for example, surfactants. The formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before or during the application. Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the formulation of the active compound or the application forms prepared from these formulations (such as, e.g., usable crop protection agents, such as spray liquors or seed dressings) particular properties such as certain physical, technical and/or biological properties.
Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the clas- ses of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chloro- benzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide). - 5 -
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alco- hols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
In principle it is possible to use all suitable solvents. Suitable solvents are, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, for example, chlorinated aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene, chloroethylene or methylene chloride, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, for example, paraffins, petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, iso- propanol, butanol or glycol, for example, and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, for example, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and water. All suitable carriers may in principle be used. Suitable carriers are in particular for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes and/or solid fertilizers. Mixtures of such carriers may likewise be used. Carriers suitable for granules include the following: for example, crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepio- lite, dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material such as sawdust, paper, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
Liquefied gaseous extenders or solvents may also be used. Particularly suitable are those extenders or carriers which at standard temperature and under standard pressure are gaseous, examples being aerosol propellants, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Examples of emulsifiers and/or foam-formers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surface-active substances, are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phe- nolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, with substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuc- cinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phe- nols, fatty acid esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates, examples being alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates, protein hy- drolysates, lignin-sulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose. The presence of a surface-active substance is advantageous if one of the active compounds and/or one of the inert carriers is not soluble in water and if application takes place in water. Further auxiliaries that may be present in the formulations and in the application forms derived from them include colorants such as inorganic pigments, examples being iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian Blue, and organic dyes, - - such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and nutrients and trace nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Stabilizers, such as low-temperature stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be present. Additionally present may be foam-formers or defoamers.
Furthermore, the formulations and application forms derived from them may also comprise, as additional auxiliaries, stickers such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic polymers in powder, granule or latex form, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and also natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids. Further possible auxiliaries include mineral and vegetable oils. There may possibly be further auxiliaries present in the formulations and the application forms derived from them. Examples of such additives include fragrances, protective colloids, binders, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, retention promoters, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents, humectants and spreaders. Generally speaking, the active compounds may be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for formulation purposes. Suitable retention promoters include all those substances which reduce the dynamic surface tension, such as dioc- tyl sulphosuccinate, or increase the viscoelasticity, such as hydroxypropylguar polymers, for example.
Suitable penetrants in the present context include all those substances which are typically used in order to enhance the penetration of active agrochemical compounds into plants. Penetrants in this context are defined in that, from the (generally aqueous) application liquor and/or from the spray coating, they are able to penetrate the cuticle of the plant and thereby increase the mobility of the active compounds in the cuticle. This property can be determined using the method described in the literature (Baur et al., 1997, Pesticide Science 51, 131-152). Examples include alcohol alkoxylates such as coconut fatty ethoxylate (10) or isotridecyl ethoxylate (12), fatty acid esters such as rapeseed or soybean oil methyl esters, fatty amine alkoxylates such as tallowamine ethoxylate (15), or ammonium and/or phosphonium salts such as ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, for example. The formulations preferably comprise between 0.00000001 % and 98% by weight of active compound or, with particular preference, between 0.01% and 95%o by weight of active compound, more preferably between 0.5%o and 90%o by weight of active compound, based on the weight of the formulation. The content of the active compound is defined as the sum of the compound of formula (I) and the at least one biological control agent.
The active compound content of the application forms (crop protection products) prepared from the formulations may vary within wide ranges. The active compound concentration of the application forms may be situated typically between 0.00000001% and 95%o by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.00001% and 1% by weight, based on the weight of the application form. Application takes place in a customary manner adapted to the application forms. - 7 -
The inventive compositions may be present as such or in their (commercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active ingredients, such as attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and/or semiochemicals. The (commercial) formulation comprising a compound of the formula (I) and a biological control agent and the agriculturally suitable components as described above, can be used as a pesticide. In a specific embodiment of the invention the (commercial) formulation as defined above can be used as a fungicide. In another specific embodiment of the invention the (commercial) formulation as defined above acts in a synergistic fashion.
According to the present invention, in the composition according to the invention, the compound ratio (I)/B may be advantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect. The term "synergistic effect" as well as the term "acting in a synergistic fashion" is understood to mean in particular that defined by Colby in an article entitled "Calculation of the synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations" Weeds, (1967), 15, pages 20-22.
The latter article mentions the formula:
100 wherein E represents the expected percentage of inhibition of the pest for the combination of the two compounds at defined doses (for example equal to x and y respectively), X is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (A) at a defined dose (equal to x), Y is the percentage of inhibition observed for the pest by compound (B) at a defined dose (equal to y). When the percentage of inhibition observed for the combi- nation is greater than E, there is a synergistic effect.
The term "synergistic effect" also means the effect defined by application of the Tammes method, "Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides", Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 70(1964), pages 73- 80.
A synergistic effect in fungicides is always present when the fungicidal action of the composition exceeds the expected action of the active compounds applied individually.
The expected fungicidal action for a given combination of two or three active compounds can be calculated as follows, according to S.R. Colby ("Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22):
If X is the efficacy when employing active compound A at an application rate of m g/ha,
Y is the efficacy when employing active compound B at an application rate of n g/ha and - -
E is the efficacy when employing active compounds A and B at application rates of m and n g/ha, then E = X + Y - (X*Y)/100 '
Here, the efficacy is determined in %. 0% means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control, whereas an efficacy of 100% means that no infection is observed. If the actual fungicidal action exceeds the calculated value, the action of the combination is superadditive, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. In this case, the actually observed efficacy must exceed the value calculated using the above formula for the expected efficacy (E).
The composition according to the present invention can be combined in any specific ratio between the two mandatory components. In the compositions according to the invention the compounds of the general formula (I) and the biological control agent (B) as defined above are present in a synergistically effective weight ratio of (I) : (B) in a range of 1 :5000 to 1: 1, preferably in a weight ratio of 1 : 1000 to 1 :1, most preferably in a weight ratio of 1 :500 to 1 :100. Further ratios of (I) : (B) which can be used according to the present invention with increasing preferences the order given are: 1 :5000 to 1 : 1, 1 :4000 to 1 :1, 1:3000 to 1 :1, 1 :2000 to 1 : 1, 1 :1000 to 1 : 1, 1:900 to 1 :1, 1 :800 to 1: 1, 1 :700 to 1 :1, 1 :600 to 1: 1, 1 :500 to 1: 1, 1:400 to 1 : 1, 1 :300 to 1 :1, 1:200 to 1 : 1, 1 :100 to 1 : 1, 1 :50 to 1 :1, 1 :1000 to 1 :2, 1: 1000 to 1 :5, 1 :500 to 1:2, 1 :500 to 1:5, 1 :500 to 1: 10, 1 :500 to 1 :50, 1:500 to 1 : 100, 1 :500 to 1 :250, 1 :500 to 1:300, 1 :500 to 1:350, 1 :500 to 1:400, 1:500 to 1:450.
In a preferred embodiment the biological control agent e.g. their spores are present in a solo-formulation or the combined formulation in a concentration of at least 105 colony forming units per gram preparation (e. g. cells/g preparation, spores/g preparation), such as 105 - 1012 cfu/g, preferably 106 - 10u cfu/g, more preferably 107 - 1010 cfu/g and most preferably 109 - 1010 cfu/g at the time point of applying biological control agents on a plant or plant parts such as seeds, fruits or vegetables. Also references to the concentration of biological control agents in form of, e.g., spores or cells - when discussing ratios between the amount of a preparation of at least one biological control agent and the amount of the compound of the formula (I)- are made in view of the time point when the biological control agent is applied on a plant or plant parts such as seeds, fruits or vegetables.
Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet), the treatment according to the invention may also result in superadditive ("synergistic") effects. Thus, for example, reduced application rates and / or a widening of the activity spectrum and / or an increase in the activity of the compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality and / or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and / or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
At certain application rates, the compositions according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by phy- topathogenic fungi. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the compositions - - according to the invention, for example against fungi, in particular phytopathogenic fungi. "Plant-strengthening" (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with harmful microorganisms, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these microorganisms. In a specific embodiment of the invention, harmful microorganisms are phytopathogenic fungi. Thus, the compositions according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the inventive composition.
In a specific embodiment, the invention comprises a method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi, comprising applying the composition to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to compositions for controlling phytopathogenic fungi, comprising an effective but non-phytotoxic amount of the inventive composi- tions. These are preferably fungicidal compositions which comprise agriculturally suitable components as described above.
By "plants" is meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. Plants also comprise plant parts.
By "plant parts" is meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material, for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
In this context the term "damage of plants" or "damage of plant parts"comprises e.g. the decrease of plant growth or yield or the decrease of plant vigor, comprising plant health, plant quality and seed vigor, a decreased resistance to harmful mircoorganisms such as phytopathogenic fungi, a decreased abiotic stress tolerance, comprising tem- perature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) or the like, an increased stand failure, decreased recovery, impaired greening effect and decreased photosynthetic efficiency. Reducing the damage of plants and plant parts often results in healthier plants and/or in an increase in plant vigor and yield. The compositions according to the invention, in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant parts, for increasing harvest yields and for improving the quality of the harvested material. - -
An "effective but non-phytotoxic amount" means an amount of the inventive composition which is sufficient to control the fungal disease of the plant in a satisfactory manner or to eradicate the fungal disease completely, and which, at the same time, does not cause any significant symptoms of phyto toxicity. In general, this application rate may vary within a relatively wide range. It depends on several factors, for example on the fungus to be con- trolled, the plant, the climatic conditions and the ingredients of the inventive compositions.
In the context of the present invention, "control of phytopathogenic fungi" means a reduction in infestation by phy- topathogenic fungi, compared with the untreated plant measured as fungicidal efficacy, preferably a reduction by 25-50 %, compared with the untreated plant (100 %), more preferably a reduction by 40-79 %, compared with the untreated plant (100 %); even more preferably, the infection by phytopathogenic fungi is entirely suppressed (by 70-100 %). The control may be curative, i.e. fortreatment of already infected plants, or protective, for protection of plants which have not yet been infected. In a specific embodiment the compositions according to the invention can be used for curative or protective or preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi. The invention therefore also relates to curative and protective methods for controlling phytopathogenic fungi by the use of the inventive compositions. The compositions according to the invention are active against normally sensitive and resistant species of phytopathogenic fungi and against all or some stages of development. The term "preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi" comprises the use of compositions according to the invention for the prevention of diseases. Thus, a further aspect of the present invention is the use of compositions according to the invention for controlling diseases such as phytopathogenic fungi, e.g., in agriculture, in horticulture, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities as well as in the protection of stored products and materials.
The term "applying the composition to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi" refers to the treatment of a plant and / or phytopathogenic fungi and / or the habitat of the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi with the compositions according to the invention. The treatment is effected directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching) and drip irrigating. It is also possible to deploy the compositions by the ultra-low volume method or to inject the composition preparation or the compositions itself into the soil.
When using the inventive compositions or the (commercial) formulation comprising the inventive composition and the agriculturally suitable components as described above as fungicides, the application rates can be varied within a relatively wide range, depending on the kind of application. The application rate of the compositions is
• in the case of treatment of a plant or plant parts, for example leaves: from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 10 to 1000 g/ha, more preferably from 10 to 800 g/ha, even more preferably from 50 to 300 g/ha (in the case of application by watering or dripping, it is even possible to reduce the application rate, especially when inert sub- strates such as rockwool or perlite are used);
• in the case of soil treatment: from 0.1 to 10 000 g/ha, preferably from 1 to 5000 g/ha. - -
These application rates are merely by way of example and are not limiting for the purposes of the invention.
The inventive compositions can thus be used to protect plants from attack by the pathogens mentioned below for a certain period of time after treatment. The period for which protection is provided extends generally for 1 to 28 days, preferably for 1 to 14 days, more preferably for 1 to 10 days, most preferably for 1 to 7 days, after the treat- ment of the plant or the plant parts with the inventive compositions.
The method of treatment according to the invention also provides the use or application of compounds according to formula (I) and one biological control agent as defined above in a simultaneous, separate or sequential manner. If the single active ingredients are applied in a sequential manner, i.e. at different times, they are applied one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days. Preferably the order of applying the compounds according to formula (I) and the biological control agent as defined above is not essential for working the present invention.
The plants listed further down in the description can particularly advantageously be treated in accordance with the compositions according to the invention. The preferred ranges stated above for the compositions also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of plants with the compositions specifically mentioned in the present text.
The fact that the compositions are well tolerated by plants at the concentrations required for controlling phytopath- ogenic fungi allows the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock and seeds, and of the soil.
The "habitat of the plant" comprises the environment where the plant is growing, e.g. the soil or nutrition medium - which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant to be treated, respectively. The term "habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi" as used herein is defined as the seed, the plant or plant parts or the fruit. It also comprises the soil or the nutrition medium in which the plant grows - which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant to be treated, respectively.
Plants
According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhi- - - zomes are listed. Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material, for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.
The inventive compositions, when they are well tolerated by plants, have favourable homeotherm toxicity and are well tolerated by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. They can preferably be used as crop protection compositions. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention include the following main crop plants including fruits and vegetables: maize, soya bean, alfalfa, cotton, sunflower, Brassica oil seeds such as Brassica napus (e.g. canola, rapeseed), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g. (field) mustard) and Brassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g. oil- palm, coconut), rice, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g. Rosaceae sp. (e.g. pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g. olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g. avocado, cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g. banana trees and plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g. coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g. tea), Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g. lemons, oranges, mandarins and grapefruit); Solanace- ae sp. (e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp., Compositae sp. (e.g. lettuce, artichokes and chicory - including root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g. carrots, pars- ley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g. cucumbers - including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g. leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp. (e.g. white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and Chinese cabbage), Legumi- nosae sp. (e.g. peanuts, peas, lentils and beans - e.g. common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (e.g. Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp. (e.g. hemp), Cannabeacea sp. (e.g. cannabis), Malva- ceae sp. (e.g. okra, cocoa), Papaveraceae (e.g. poppy), Asparagaceae (e.g. asparagus); useful plants and ornamental plants in the garden and woods including turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana; and in each case genetically modified types of these plants.
Phytopathogenic fungi
The inventive compositions comprise a method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi. Accordingly the inventive compositions have potent microbicidal activity and can be used for control ofphytopathogenic fungi in crop protection and in the protection of materials.
Such phytopathogenic fungi include soilborne pathogens, which are in particular members of the classes Plasmo- diophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (Syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basid- - - iomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some fungicides are systemically active and ca be used in plant protection as foliar, seed dressing or soil fungicide. Furthermore, they are suitable for combating fungi, which inter alia infest wood or roots of plant.
Examples of phytopathogenic fungi which can be treated in accordance with the invention comprise: diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens, for example Blumeria species, for example Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera species, for example Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca species, for example Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula species, for example Uncinula necator; diseases caused by rust disease pathogens, for example Gymnosporangium species, for example Gymnosporangi- um sabinae; Hemileia species, for example Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora species, for example Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae; Puccinia species, for example Puccinia recondite, P. triticina, P. graminis or P. striiformis; Uromyces species, for example Uromyces appendiculatus; diseases caused by pathogens from the group of the Oomycetes, for example Albugo species, for example Al- gubo Candida; Bremia species, for example Bremia lactucae; Peronospora species, for example Peronospora pisi or P. brassicae; Phytophthora species, for example Phytophthora infestans; Plasmopara species, for exam- pie Plasmopara viticola; Pseudoperonospora species, for example Pseudoperonospora humuli or Pseudoper- onospora cubensis; Pythium species, for example Pythium ultimum; leaf blotch diseases and leaf wilt diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria sola- ni; Cercospora species, for example Cercospora beticola; Cladiosporium species, for example Cladiosporium cu- cumerinum; Cochliobolus species, for example Cochliobolus sativus (conidia form: Drechslera, Syn: Helmin- thosporium), Cochliobolus miyabeanus; Colletotrichum species, for example Colletotrichum lindemuthanium; Cy- cloconium species, for example Cycloconium oleaginum; Diaporthe species, for example Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe species, for example Elsinoe fawcettii; Gloeosporium species, for example Gloeosporium laeticolor; Glomerella species, for example Glomerella cingulata; Guignardia species, for example Guignardia bidwelli; Leptosphaeria species, for example Leptosphaeria maculans, Leptosphaeria nodorum; Magnaporthe species, for example Mag- naporthe grisea; Microdochium species, for example Microdochium nivale; Mycosphaerella species, for example Mycosphaerella graminicola, M. arachidicola and M. fijiensis; Phaeosphaeria species, for example Phaeo- sphaeria nodorum; Pyrenophora species, for example Pyrenophora teres, Pyrenophora tritici repentis; Ramularia species, for example Ramularia collo-cygni, Ramularia areola; Rhynchosporium species, for example Rhyn- chosporium secalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria apii, Septoria lycopersii; Typhula species, for example Typhula incarnata; Venturia species, for example Venturia inaequalis; root and stem diseases caused, for example, by Corticium species, for example Corticium graminearum; Fusarium species, for example Fusarium oxysporum; Gaeumannomyces species, for example Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia species, such as, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Sarocladium diseases caused for example by Saro- cladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for example by Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia species, for example Tapesia acuformis; Thielaviopsis species, for example Thielaviopsis basicola; - - ear and panicle diseases (including corn cobs) caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria spp.; Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, for example Cladosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps species, for example Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium species, for example Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, for example Gibberella zeae; Monographella species, for example Monographella nivalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria nodorum; diseases caused by smut fungi, for example Sphacelotheca species, for example Sphacelotheca reiliana; Tilletia species, for example Tilletia caries, T. controversa; Urocystis species, for example Urocystis occulta; Ustilago species, for example Ustilago nuda, U. nuda tritici; fruit rot caused, for example, by Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis species, for exam- pie Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species, for example Penicillium expansum and P. purpurogenum; Sclerotinia species, for example Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Verticilium species, for example Verticilium alboatrum; seed and soilborne decay, mould, wilt, rot and damping-off diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria species, caused for example by Alternaria brassicicola; Aphanomyces species, caused for example by Aphanomyces eu- teiches; Ascochyta species, caused for example by Ascochyta lentis; Aspergillus species, caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium species, caused for example by Cladosporium herbarum; Cochliobolus species, caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus; (Conidiaform: Drechslera, Bipolaris Syn: Helminthospori- um); Colletotrichum species, caused for example by Colletotrichum coccodes; Fusarium species, caused for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, caused for example by Gibberella zeae; Macrophomina species, caused for example by Macrophomina phaseolina; Monographella species, caused for example by Monographella nivalis; Penicillium species, caused for example by Penicillium expansum; Phoma species, caused for example by Phoma lingam; Phomopsis species, caused for example by Phomopsis sojae; Phy- tophthora species, caused for example by Phytophthora cactorum; Pyrenophora species, caused for example by Pyrenophora graminea; Pyricularia species, caused for example by Pyricularia oryzae; Pythium species, caused for example by Pythium ultimum; Rhizoctonia species, caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani; Rhi- zopus species, caused for example by Rhizopus oryzae; Sclerotium species, caused for example by Sclerotium rolfsii; Septoria species, caused for example by Septoria nodorum; Typhula species, caused for example by Ty- phula incarnata; Verticillium species, caused for example by Verticillium dahliae; cancers, galls and witches' broom caused, for example, by Nectria species, for example Nectria galligena; wilt diseases caused, for example, by Monilinia species, for example Monilinia laxa; leaf blister or leaf curl diseases caused, for example, by Exobasidium species, for example Exobasidium vexans;
Taphrina species, for example Taphrina deformans; decline diseases of wooden plants caused, for example, by Esca disease, caused for example by Phaemoniella clamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Fomitiporia mediterranea; Eutypa dyeback, caused for exam- - 5 - pie by Eutypa lata ; Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma boninense; Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus; diseases of flowers and seeds caused, for example, by Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea; diseases of plant tubers caused, for example, by Rhizoctonia species, for example Rhizoctonia solani; Helmin- thosporium species, for example Helminthosporium solani;
Club root caused, for example, by Plasmodiophora species, for example Plamodiophora brassicae; diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, for example Xanthomonas species, for example Xanthomonas cam- pestris pv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species, for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Erwinia species, for example Erwinia amylovora. Fungal diseases on roots and the stem base caused, for example, by black root rot (Calonectria crotalariae), charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina), fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and pod and collar rot (Fusarium ox- ysporum, Fusarium orthoceras, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium equiseti), mycoleptodiscus root rot (Mycolep- todiscus terrestris), neocosmospora (Neocosmospora vasinfecta), pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum), stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora), phytophthora rot (Phytophthora megasperma), brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata), pythium rot (Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum), rhizoctonia root rot, stem decay, and damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), sclerotinia stem decay (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), sclerotinia southern blight (Sclerotinia rolfsii), thielaviopsis root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola).
Plant Growth Regulation
In some cases, the inventive compositions can, at particular concentrations or application rates, also be used as herbicides, safeners, growth regulators or agents to improve plant properties, or as microbicides, for example as fungicides, antimycotics, bactericides, viricides (including compositions against viroids) or as compositions against MLO (Mycoplasma-like organisms) and RLO (Rickettsia-like organisms). The active ingredients of the inventive composition intervene in the metabolism of the plants and can therefore also be used as growth regulators.
Plant growth regulators may exert various effects on plants. The effect of the substances depends essentially on the time of application in relation to the developmental stage of the plant, and also on the amounts of active ingredient applied to the plants or their environment and on the type of application. In each case, growth regula- tors should have a particular desired effect on the crop plants.
Plant growth-regulating compounds can be used, for example, to inhibit the vegetative growth of the plants. Such inhibition of growth is of economic interest, for example, in the case of grasses, since it is thus possible to - - reduce the frequency of grass cutting in ornamental gardens, parks and sport facilities, on roadsides, at airports or in fruit crops. Also of significance is the inhibition of the growth of herbaceous and woody plants on roadsides and in the vicinity of pipelines or overhead cables, or quite generally in areas where vigorous plant growth is unwanted. Also important is the use of growth regulators for inhibition of the longitudinal growth of cereal. This reduces or completely eliminates the risk of lodging of the plants prior to harvest. In addition, growth regulators in the case of cereals can strengthen the culm, which also counteracts lodging. The employment of growth regulators for shortening and strengthening culms allows the deployment of higher fertilizer volumes to increase the yield, without any risk of lodging of the cereal crop. In many crop plants, inhibition of vegetative growth allows denser planting, and it is thus possible to achieve higher yields based on the soil surface. Another advantage of the smaller plants obtained in this way is that the crop is easier to cultivate and harvest.
Inhibition of the vegetative plant growth may also lead to enhanced yields because the nutrients and assimilates are of more benefit to flower and fruit formation than to the vegetative parts of the plants. Frequently, growth regulators can also be used to promote vegetative growth. This is of great benefit when harvesting the vegetative plant parts. However, promoting vegetative growth may also promote generative growth in that more assimilates are formed, resulting in more or larger fruits.
In some cases, yield increases may be achieved by manipulating the metabolism of the plant, without any detectable changes in vegetative growth. In addition, growth regulators can be used to alter the composition of the plants, which in turn may result in an improvement in quality of the harvested products. For example, it is possible to increase the sugar content in sugar beet, sugar cane, pineapples and in citrus fruit, or to increase the protein content in soya or cereals. It is also possible, for example, to use growth regulators to inhibit the degradation of desirable ingredients, for example sugar in sugar beet or sugar cane, before or after harvest. It is also possible to positively influence the production or the elimination of secondary plant ingredients. One example is the stimulation of the flow of latex in rubber trees.
Under the influence of growth regulators, parthenocarpic fruits may be formed. In addition, it is possible to influence the sex of the flowers. It is also possible to produce sterile pollen, which is of great importance in the breeding and production of hybrid seed.
Use of growth regulators can control the branching of the plants. On the one hand, by breaking apical domi- nance, it is possible to promote the development of side shoots, which may be highly desirable particularly in the cultivation of ornamental plants, also in combination with an inhibition of growth. On the other hand, however, it is also possible to inhibit the growth of the side shoots. This effect is of particular interest, for example, in the cultivation of tobacco or in the cultivation of tomatoes. - 7 -
Under the influence of growth regulators, the amount of leaves on the plants can be controlled such that defoliation of the plants is achieved at a desired time. Such defoliation plays a major role in the mechanical harvesting of cotton, but is also of interest for facilitating harvesting in other crops, for example in viticulture. Defoliation of the plants can also be undertaken to lower the transpiration of the plants before they are transplanted. Growth regulators can likewise be used to regulate fruit dehiscence. On the one hand, it is possible to prevent premature fruit dehiscence. On the other hand, it is also possible to promote fruit dehiscence or even flower abortion to achieve a desired mass ("thinning"), in order to eliminate alternation. Alternation is understood to mean the characteristic of some fruit species, for endogenous reasons, to deliver very different yields from year to year. Finally, it is possible to use growth regulators at the time of harvest to reduce the forces required to de- tach the fruits, in order to allow mechanical harvesting or to facilitate manual harvesting.
Growth regulators can also be used to achieve faster or else delayed ripening of the harvested material before or after harvest. This is particularly advantageous as it allows optimal adjustment to the requirements of the market. Moreover, growth regulators in some cases can improve the fruit colour. In addition, growth regulators can also be used to concentrate maturation within a certain period of time. This establishes the prerequisites for complete me- chanical or manual harvesting in a single operation, for example in the case of tobacco, tomatoes or coffee.
By using growth regulators, it is additionally possible to influence the resting of seed or buds of the plants, such that plants such as pineapple or ornamental plants in nurseries, for example, germinate, sprout or flower at a time when they are normally not inclined to do so. In areas where there is a risk of frost, it may be desirable to delay budding or germination of seeds with the aid of growth regulators, in order to avoid damage resulting from late frosts.
Finally, growth regulators can induce resistance of the plants to frost, drought or high salinity of the soil. This allows the cultivation of plants in regions which are normally unsuitable for this purpose.
Resistance Induction / Plant Health and other effects The compositions according to the invention also exhibit a potent strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they can be used for mobilizing the defences of the plant against attack by undesirable microorganisms.
Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances which are capable of stimulating the defence system of plants in such a way that the treated plants, when subsequently inoculated with undesirable microorganisms, develop a high degree of resistance to these microorganisms.
The active compounds according to the invention are also suitable for increasing the yield of crops. In addition, they show reduced toxicity and are well tolerated by plants. - -
Further, in context with the present invention plant physiology effects comprise the following:
Abiotic stress tolerance, comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc.. Biotic stress tolerance, comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria. In context with the present invention, biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
Increased plant vigor, comprising plant health / plant quality and seed vigor, reduced stand failure, improved appearance, increased recovery, improved greening effect and improved photosynthetic efficiency. Effects on plant hormones and/or functional enzymes.
Effects on growth regulators (promoters), comprising earlier germination, better emergence, more developed root system and/or improved root growth, increased ability of tillering, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, increased plant height and/or biomass, shorting of stems, improvements in shoot growth, number of kernels/ear, number of ears/m2, number of stolons and/or number of flowers, enhanced harvest index, bigger leaves, less dead basal leaves, improved phyllotaxy, earlier maturation / earlier fruit finish, homogenous riping, increased duration of grain filling, better fruit finish, bigger fruit/vegetable size, sprouting resistance and reduced lodging.
Increased yield, referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size and/or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising: improved processability relating to size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), homogenous riping, grain moisture, bet- ter milling, better vinification, better brewing, increased juice yield, harvestability, digestibility, sedimentation value, falling number, pod stability, storage stability, improved fiber length/strength/uniformity, increase of milk and/or meet quality of silage fed animals, adaption to cooking and frying; further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), increased storage / shelf-life, firmness / softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.), grade (size, shape, num- ber of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.; further comprising increased desired ingredients such as e.g. protein content, fatty acids, oil content, oil quality, aminoacid composition, sugar content, acid content (pH), sugar/acid ratio (Brix), polyphenols, starch content, nutritional quality, gluten content/index, energy content, taste, etc.; and further comprising decreased undesired ingredients such as e.g. less mycotoxines, less aflatoxines, geosmin level, phenolic aromas, lacchase, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases, nitrate content etc. - -
Sustainable agriculture, comprising nutrient use efficiency, especially nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, phosphours (P)-use efficiency, water use efficiency, improved transpiration, respiration and/or CO2 assimilation rate, better nodulation, improved Ca-metabolism etc..
Delayed senescence, comprising improvement of plant physiology which is manifested, for example, in a longer grain filling phase, leading to higher yield, a longer duration of green leaf colouration of the plant and thus comprising colour (greening), water content, dryness etc.. Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, it has been found that the specific inventive application of the inventive compositions makes it possible to prolong the green leaf area duration, which delays the maturation (senescence) of the plant. The main advantage to the farmer is a longer grain filling phase leading to higher yield. There is also an advantage to the farmer on the ba- sis of greater flexibility in the harvesting time.
Therein "sedimentation value" is a measure for protein quality and describes according to Zeleny (Zeleny value) the degree of sedimentation of flour suspended in a lactic acid solution during a standard time interval. This is taken as a measure of the baking quality. Swelling of the gluten fraction of flour in lactic acid solution affects the rate of sedimentation of a flour suspension. Both a higher gluten content and a better gluten quality give rise to slower sedimentation and higher Zeleny test values. The sedimentation value of flour depends on the wheat protein composition and is mostly correlated to the protein content, the wheat hardness, and the volume of pan and hearth loaves. A stronger correlation between loaf volume and Zeleny sedimentation volume compared to SDS sedimentation volume could be due to the protein content influencing both the volume and Zeleny value ( Czech J. FoodSci. Vol. 21, No. 3: 91-96, 2000). Further the "falling number" as mentioned herein is a measure for the baking quality of cereals, especially of wheat. The falling number test indicates that sprout damage may have occurred. It means that changes to the physical properties of the starch portion of the wheat kernel has already happened. Therein, the falling number instrument analyzes viscosity by measuring the resistance of a flour and water paste to a falling plunger. The time (in seconds) for this to happen is known as the falling number. The falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds. A high falling number (for example, above 300 seconds) indicates minimal enzyme activity and sound quality wheat or flour. A low falling number (for example, below 250 seconds) indicates substantial enzyme activity and sprout- damaged wheat or flour.
The term "more developed root system" / "improved root growth" refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, and/or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root architecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis programmes (e.g. WinRhizo).
The term "crop water use efficiency" refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water con- sumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2. The term "nitrogen-use efficiency" refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
Improvement in greening / improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of se- nescence can be measured with well-known techniques such as a HandyPea system (Hansatech). Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photosynthetic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85. Values lower than this will be observed if a sample has been exposed to some type of biotic or abiotic stress factor which has reduced the capacity for photochemical quenching of energy within PSII. Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm). The Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality. (See e.g. Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology, 2007, 11, 319-341; Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15, 169-182.)
The improvement in greening / improved colour and improved photosynthetic efficiency as well as the delay of senescence can also be assessed by measurement of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), measurement of the chlo- rophyll content, e.g. by the pigment extraction method of Ziegler and Ehle, measurement of the photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), determination of shoot growth and final root and/or canopy biomass, determination of tiller density as well as of root mortality.
Within the context of the present invention preference is given to improving plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth / more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (correlating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
Within the enhancement of yield preference is given as to an improvement in the sedimentation value and the falling number as well as to the improvement of the protein and sugar content - especially with plants selected from the group of cereals (preferably wheat). Preferably the novel use of the fungicidal compositions of the present invention relates to a combined use of a) preventively and/or curatively controlling pathogenic fungi, with or without resistance management, and b) at least one of enhanced root growth, improved greening, improved water use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield. From group b) enhancement of root system, water use efficiency and N-use efficiency is particularly preferred. - 5 -
Mycotoxins
In addition, the inventive treatment can reduce the mycotoxin content in the harvested material and the foods and feeds prepared therefrom. Mycotoxins include particularly, but not exclusively, the following: deoxyniva- lenol (DON), nivalenol, 15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON, T2- and HT2-toxin, fumonisins, zearalenon, moniliformin, fusarin, diaceotoxyscirpenol (DAS), beauvericin, enniatin, fusaroproliferin, fusarenol, ochratoxins, patulin, ergot alkaloids and aflatoxins which can be produced, for example, by the following fungi: Fusarium spec, such as F. acuminatum, F. asiaticum, F. avenaceum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. equiseti, F.fujikoroi, F. musarum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. poae, F. pseudograminearum, F. sambucinum, F. scirpi, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. sporotrichoides, F. langsethiae, F. subglutinans, F. tricinc- turn, F. verticillioides etc., and also by Aspergillus spec, such as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. ochraceus, A. clavatus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, Penicillium spec, such as P. verrucosum, P. viridicatum, P. citrinum, P. expansum, P. claviforme, P. roqueforti, Claviceps spec, such as C. purpurea, C.fusiformis, C. pas- pali, C. africana, Stachybotrys spec, and others.
Material Protection
The inventive compositions or compositions can also be used in the protection of materials, for protection of industrial materials against attack and destruction by phytopathogenic fungi.
In addition, the inventive compositions can be used as antifouling compositions, alone or in combinations with other active ingredients. Industrial materials in the present context are understood to mean inanimate materials which have been prepared for use in industry. For example, industrial materials which are to be protected by inventive compositions from microbial alteration or destruction may be adhesives, glues, paper, wallpaper and board/cardboard, textiles, carpets, leather, wood, fibers and tissues, paints and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials which can be infected with or destroyed by microorganisms. Parts of production plants and buildings, for example cooling-water circuits, cooling and heating systems and ventilation and air-conditioning units, which may be impaired by the proliferation of microorganisms may also be mentioned within the scope of the materials to be protected. Industrial materials within the scope of the present invention preferably include adhesives, sizes, paper and card, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat transfer fluids, more preferably wood.
The inventive compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
In the case of treatment of wood the compositions according to the invention may also be used against fungal diseases liable to grow on or inside timber. The term "timber" means all types of species of wood, and all types of working of this wood intended for construction, for example solid wood, high-density wood, laminated wood, and plywood. The method for treating timber according to the invention mainly consists in contacting a composition according to the invention; this includes for example direct application, spraying, dipping, injection or any other suitable means.
In addition, the inventive compositions can be used to protect objects which come into contact with saltwater or brackish water, especially hulls, screens, nets, buildings, moorings and signalling systems, from fouling. The inventive method for controlling phytopathogenic fungi can also be employed for protecting storage goods. Storage goods are understood to mean natural substances of vegetable or animal origin or processed products thereof which are of natural origin, and for which long-term protection is desired. Storage goods of vegetable origin, for example plants or plant parts, such as stems, leaves, tubers, seeds, fruits, grains, can be protected freshly harvested or after processing by (pre)drying, moistening, comminuting, grinding, pressing or roasting. Storage goods also include timber, both unprocessed, such as construction timber, electricity poles and barriers, or in the form of finished products, such as furniture. Storage goods of animal origin are, for example, hides, leather, furs and hairs. The inventive compositions may prevent adverse effects, such as rotting, decay, discoloration, decoloration or formation of mould.
Microorganisms capable of degrading or altering the industrial materials include, for example, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms. The inventive compositions preferably act against fungi, especially moulds, wood-discoloring and wood-destroying fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Zygomycetes), and against slime organisms and algae. Examples include microorganisms of the following genera: Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis; Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger; Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum; Coniophora, such as Coniophora puetana; Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus; Penicillium, such as Penicillium glaucum; Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor, Aureobasidium, such as Aureobasidium pullulans; Scleropho- ma, such as Sclerophoma pityophila; Trichoderma, such as Trichoderma viride; Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., Cladosporium spp., Paecilomyces spp. Mucor spp., Escherichia, such as Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp., such as Saccharomyces cerevisae.

Claims

Claims:
1. A composition, comprising
(A) at least one thiazolylisoxazoline of formula (I)
Figure imgf000054_0001
in which
R1 represents phenyl, which is at least substituted with one methylsulfonyloxy and optionally be additionally substituted by one substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl, methoxy, fluoro or chloro, or an agrochemically acceptable salt thereof,
(B) at least one biological control agent.
2. A composition according to claim 1, whereby the compound of the general formula (I) is represented by one of the compounds (1-1) to (1-8):
(1-1) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4^ dihydro- 1 ,2-oxazol-5-yl}phenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-2) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-6-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-3) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-3-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-4) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-5-methylphenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-5) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-5-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-6) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4^ dihydro- l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-4-methylphenyl methanesulfonate, (1-7) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyra
dihydro-l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-4-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate,
(1-8) 2-{3-[2-(l-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-lH-pyrazol-l-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-l,3-thiazol-4^ dihydro-l,2-oxazol-5-yl}-6-fluorophenyl methanesulfonate.
The composition according to claim 1 or 2, whereby the biological control agent (B) comprises bacteria, fungi, proteins or secondary metabolites.
The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said composition acts in a fungicidal fashion.
The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said composition acts in a synergistic fashion.
The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, whereby the biological control agent is selected from Bl bacteria consisting of B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713, Accession No. NRRL B21661; B1.2 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153, Accession No. NRRL 55614; B1.3 Bacillus sp. strain AQ175, ATCC Accession No. 55608; B1.4 Bacillus sp. strain AQ177, ATCC Accession No. 55609; B1.5 Bacillus sp. strain AQ178, ATCC Accession No. 53522; Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808, Accession No. NRRL B-30087; Bl.1.7 Bacillus pumilus, strain GB34; B1.8 Bacillus thu- ringiensis strain AQ52, Accession No. NRRL B-21619; Bl.1.9 Streptomyces sp., strain, Accession No. NRRL B-30145; B 1.1.10 Streptomyces galbus, syn. Streptomyces griseoviridis, strain QST 6047, Accession No. NRRL B-30232; B 1.1.11 Bacillus chitinosporus, strain AQ746, Accession No. NRRL B- 21618; B1.12 Bacillus mycoides, strain AQ726, Accession No. NRRL B-21664; Bl.1.13 Bacillus pumilus, strain AQ717, Accession No. NRRL B21662; Bl.1.14 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ743, Accession No. NRRL B-21665; B1.15 Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719, Accession No. NRRL B21663; B 1.1.16 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, strain ABTS- 1857, SD-1372; B 1.1.17 Bacillus firmus, strain CNMC 1-1582; B 1.1.18 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30002, Accession No. NRRL B- 50421; Bl.1.19 Bacillus subtilis, strain AQ30004, Accession No. NRRL B-50455) or variants or mutants thereof.
The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, whereby the biological control agent is selected from B2 fungi consisting of B2.2.1 Coniothyrium minitans, strain CON/M/91-8, Accession No. DSM- 9660; B2.2.2 Metschnikowia fructicola, strain NRRL Y-30752; B2.
3 Microsphaeropsis ochracea; B2.2.
4 Muscodor albus, strain QST 20799, Accession No. NRRL 30547; B2.
5 Trichoderma atroviride, strain SCI; B2.
6 Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2, also known as strain T-22, /ATCC Accession No. 208479; B2.
7 Muscodor roseus strain A3-5, Accession No. NRRL 30548; B2.2.8 Paeci- lomyces lilacinus, spores of P. lilacinus strain 251, AGAL 89/030550; B2.9 Trichoderma koningii; B2.10 Talaromyces flavus,stia V117b; B2. l l Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. V08/002387; B2.12 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002388; B2.13 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002389; B2.14 Trichoderma atroviride, strain no. NMI No. V08/002390; B2.15 Trichoderma harzianum, strain ITEM 908) or variants or mutants thereof.
8. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, whereby the biological control agent is selected from B6 proteins or secondary metabolites consisting of B6.6.2 terpene constituents of extract of Cheno- podium ambrosioides near ambrosioides as synthetically manufactured containing a mixture of three terpenes, i.e. a-terpinene, p-cymene and limonene, as pesticidally active ingredients.
9. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, whereby the biological control agent is selected from
Bl bacteria consisting of B 1.1.1 Bacillus subtilis, strain QST713/AQ713, Accession No. NRRL B21661; Bl.1.6 Bacillus pumilus, strain QST2808, Accession No. NRRL B-30087 and Bl.1.18 Bacillus subtilis strain AQ30002, Accession No. NRRL B-50421 or variants or mutants thereof.
10. Method for preparing an agricultural composition comprising adding at least one agriculturally suitable extender, solvent, spontaneity promoter, carrier, emulsifier, dispersant, frost protectant, biocides, thickener or adjuvant to the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
11. Method for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi, comprising applying the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9 to the plant or the phytopathogenic fungi or the habitat of the plant or the habitat of the phytopathogenic fungi.
12. Use of the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9 for reducing damage of plants and plant parts or losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by phytopathogenic fungi by controlling such phytopathogenic fungi.
13. The method or the use according to any one of the claims 11 to 12, wherein the plants are genetically modified.
PCT/EP2014/069132 2013-09-13 2014-09-09 Fungicidal compositions containing thiazolylisoxazoline fungicide and biological fungicide WO2015036379A1 (en)

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CN113226041B (en) * 2018-12-04 2022-11-25 比帕股份有限公司 Method for treating fungal infections on stone fruit trees
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CN113278555A (en) * 2021-05-25 2021-08-20 河南柏裕植物免疫科技有限公司 Microbial agent for preventing and treating tomato root-knot nematode and preparation method thereof

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