Sabayon Linux

SABAYON LINUX
A Research Presented to
To the Saint Ferdinand College

City of Ilagan Isabela
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for MIT C03
Advanced Operating System
by
Jonalyne Tacderan
Rachel jane Soriano
Aldrin Autriaco
October 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Components of the OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Structure of the OS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
2. SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SYSTEM SUPPORTED
System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Application Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Process Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Network Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
4. SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Sabayon Linux
HISTORY
Sabayon Linux or Sabayon (formerly RR4 Linux and RR64 Linux), is a Gentoo-
based Linux distribution created by Fabio Erculiani and the Sabayon development team.
Sabayon follows the "out of the box" philosophy, aiming to give the user a wide number
of applications ready to use and a self-configured operating system.
Sabayon Linux features a rolling release cycle, its own software repository and a
package management system called Entropy. Sabayon is available in both x86 and
AMD64 distributions and there is support for ARMv7 in development for the
BeagleBone.
It is named after an Italian dessert, zabaione which is made from eggs.

Sabayon's logo is an impression of a chicken foot.
Editions
Since version 4.1, Sabayon has been released in two different flavors featuring
either the GNOME or KDE desktop environments, with the ultralight Fluxbox
environment included as well. (In the previous versions all three environments were
included in a DVD ISO image).
Since Sabayon's initial release, additional versions of Sabayon have added four
other X environments, including XFCE and LXDE. A CoreCD edition which featured a
minimal install of Sabayon was released to allow the creation of spins of the Sabayon
operating system; however, this was later discontinued and replaced by CoreCDX
(fluxbox window manager) and Spinbase (no X environment). A ServerBase edition
was released which features a server-optimized kernel and a small footprint.
Daily build images are available to the Sabayon testers, but are released weekly
to the public on the system mirrors containing stable releases. Official releases are
simply DAILY versions which have received deeper testing. The adoption of Molecule
led the team to change the naming system for releases.
Configuration
Sabayon uses the same core components as the Gentoo Linux distribution.
Sabayon now uses systemd. All of the Gentoo configuration tools, such as etc-update
and eselect are fully functional. Sabayon also includes additional tools for automatic
configuration of various system components such as OpenGL. Sabayon provides
proprietary video drivers for both nVidia and ATI hardware. These are enabled if
compatible hardware is found; otherwise, the default open-source drivers are used.
Because of the automatic driver configuration, the compositing window manager
Compiz Fusion and KWin are used for the GNOME and KDE editions, respectively. The
discovery and configuration of network cards, wireless cards, and webcams is similarly
automatic. Most printers are detected automatically but require specific manual
configuration through the CUPS interface.
Package management
Sabayon Linux relies on two package managers. Portage is inherited from

Gentoo, while Entropy was developed for Sabayon. Portage downloads source-code
and compiles it specifically for the target system, whereas Entropy manages binary files
from servers. The binary tarball packages are precompiled using the Gentoo Linux
unstable tree. Entropy clients then pull these tarballs and perform the various post- and
pre-compilation calls of the Gentoo ebuild to set up a package correctly. This means the
system is completely binary-compatible with a Gentoo system using the same build
configuration. The adoption of two package managers allows expert users to access the
full flexibility of the Gentoo system and others to easily and quickly manage software
applications and updates. The Entropy software features the ability of allowing users to
help generate relevant content by voting and by attaching images, files and web links to
a package.
Rigo application browser is a new GUI front end to Entropy that is the successor to
Sulfur (aka Entropy Store). Taking on a "less is more" approach, Rigo is designed to be
simple and fast. During an interview with Fabio Erculiani he described Rigo as a
”Google-like” Applications Management UI. Rigo handles system updates, package
searching, install/removal of packages, up/down voting of packages, and many other
common Entropy tasks. Rigo is currently available in the sabayon weekly repository.
System requirements
 i686-compatibile processor (ex. Intel Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron, AMD
Athlon, AMD Duron)
 512 MB of RAM (1 GB recommended)
 OpenGL capable 3D graphics card (mostly Nvidia, ATI (brand), Intel GMA, VIA
Technologies)
 Display Data Channel capable Monitor
 Mouse and Keyboard
 DVD Drive or USB flash drive for installation
 Internet Connection Recommended
 Minimum of 12 GB of free hard disk space for KDE and GNOME. Minimum of 5
GB for the others. Recommended at least 40 GB for KDE or GNOME
installations, and 15 GB for the others.
Releases
Version Release Date Notes

3.0RC1b miniEdition 1 July 2006
Distribution name switch from RR4 to
3.0RC2 16 August 2006
Sabayon
miniEdition 3.0 RC2 24 August 2006
14 September
3.0
2006
26 September
miniEdition 3.0
2006
miniEdition 3.05 4 October 2006
3.1 10 October 2006
miniEdition 3.1 9 October 2006
27 November
3.2
2006
11 December
3.2 miniEdition
2006
3.25 2 January 2007
3.26 8 January 2007
3.3 16 March 2007
3.3 miniEdition 25 March 2007
3.4 Loop 1 13 April 2007
3.4 Loop 2 18 May 2007
3.4 Loop 3 26 June 2007
1.0 "Business Edition" RE 15 July 2007
3.4 24 July 2007
3.4 Revision E 6 August 2007
23 September
3.4 miniEdition
2007
7 September
3.4 Revision F
2007
1.1 Professional Edition 23 October 2007
24 December
3.5 Loop 1 First release including Entropy
2007
3.5 Loop 2 17 March 2008
3.5 Loop 3 15 May 2008
3.5 1 July 2008 First stable release including entropy
Pod 3.5 11 July 2008
9 November
3.5.1
2008
25 December
4 Revision 1
2008
4 LiteMCE 4 January 2009
KDE and GNOME versions split off. ISO
4.1 GNOME 13 April 2009
size changes from 4.7GB to 1.5-2GB.
4.1 KDE 29 April 2009
4.2 GNOME 30 June 2009
4.2 KDE 6 July 2009
CoreCD 4.2 25 July 2009
5.0 GNOME/KDE 2 October 2009
12 December
5.1 GNOME/KDE
2009
20 December
CoreCD 5.1
2009
25 December Special Christmas versions containing
5.1 x86 GAMING EDITION
2009 only games
5.2 GNOME/KDE 26 March 2010
5.3 GNOME/KDE 5 June 2010
5.3 SpinBase 18 June 2010 Replaces the CoreCD
5.3 CoreCDX 18 June 2010 CoreCD with X and Fluxbox
First stable version featuring
5.3 LXDE/XFCE 19 July 2010
LXDE/XFCE
5.3 SpinBase/OpenVZ 19 July 2010 First stable version featuring ready to use
Templates OpenVZ templates
30 September
5.4 GNOME/KDE
2010
5.5 GNOME/KDE 27 January 2011
6 GNOME/KDE 23 June 2011
7 GNOME/KDE/XFCE 11 October 2011
8 GNOME/KDE/XFCE 7 February 2012
9 GNOME/KDE/XFCE 8 June 2012
13 September First stable version featuring a MATE
10 GNOME/KDE/XFCE/MATE
2012 edition
11 GNOME/KDE/XFCE/MATE 15 February 2013
13.04
30 April 2013
GNOME/KDE/XFCE/MATE
13.08 system adopted as default init system,
12 August 2013
GNOME/KDE/XFCE/MATE GNOME 3.8
20 December Big Steam, Parallel Entropy, Long Term
14.01 Gnome/KDE/XFCE/Mate
2013 Stable versions
Linux distribution
A Linux distribution (often called a distro for short) is an operating system

made as a collection of software based around the Linux kernel and often around a
package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by
downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of
systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal
computers to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).
Linux distributions are primarily based on free and open-source software, at least
partially; that part includes the Linux kernel and usually a very large collection of
software of all sorts. They usually come with a graphical user interface, by adapting and
packaging free and open-source implementations of one or more of the available
windowing systems, the most common being the X Window System. Usually, Linux
distributions include some proprietary software that may be optional, such as binary
blobs required for some device drivers. Because of the huge availability of software,
distributions have taken a wide variety of forms, including those suitable for use on
desktops, servers, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones and tablets, as well as minimal
environments typically for use in embedded systems.
A Linux distribution may be described as a particular assortment of application

and utility software, packaged together with the Linux kernel in such a way that its
capabilities meet the needs of many users. The software is usually adapted to the
distribution and then packaged into software packages by the distribution's maintainers.
The software packages are available online in so-called repositories, which are storage
locations usually distributed around the world. Beside glue components, such as the
distribution installers (for example, Debian-Installer and Anaconda) or the package
management systems, there are only very few packages that are originally written from
the ground up by the maintainers of a Linux distribution.
A typical Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries,
additional software, documentation, a window system, a window manager, and a
desktop environment. Most of the included software is free software/open-source
software and is made available both as compiled binaries and in source code form,
allowing modifications to the original software. Other software included with some
distributions may be proprietary and may not be available in source code form. Almost
all Linux distributions are Unix-like; the most notable exception is Android, which does
not include a command-line interface and programs made for typical Linux distributions.
More than six hundred Linux distributions exist; over three hundred of those are
in active development, constantly being revised and improved. There are commercially
backed distributions, such as Fedora (Red Hat), openSUSE (SUSE) and Ubuntu
(Canonical Ltd.), and entirely community-driven distributions, such as Debian,
Slackware, Gentoo and Arch Linux. Most distributions come ready to use and pre-
compiled for a specific instruction set, while some distributions (such as Gentoo) are
distributed mostly in source code form and compiled locally during installation.
Who owns sabayon?
We all do. Sabayon is covered by the GPL license.
Who is the creator and how does he control the project?
Fabio Erculiani and the Sabayon development team . There are many Linux flavors, but
most geeks just call them distributions. We are a Linux distribution, though, and try to
provide our users the best and most complete computing experience.
Where does the name come from?
It is named after an Italian dessert, zabaione which is made from eggs.[3] Sabayon's
logo is an impression of a chicken foot.
What are Puppy's Goals?
Sabayon follows the "out of the box" philosophy, aiming to give the user a wide number
of applications ready to use and a self-configured operating system.
OS kernel used in sabayon linux
A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating

system is working in kernel space and is alone insupervisor mode. The monolithic
model differs from other operating system architectures (such as
the microkernel architecture)[1][2] in that it alone defines a high-level virtual interface
over computer hardware. A set of primitives or system calls implement all operating
system services such as process management, concurrency, and memory
management. Device drivers can be added to the kernel asmodules.
Loadable modules
Modular operating systems such as OS-9 and most modern monolithic operating
systems such as OpenVMS, Linux, BSD, and UNIX variants such as SunOS, and AIX,
in addition to MULTICS, can dynamically load (and unload) executable modules at
runtime. This modularity of the operating system is at the binary (image) level and not at
the architecture level. Modular monolithic operating systems are not to be confused with
the architectural level of modularity inherent in Server-Client operating systems (and its
derivatives sometimes marketed as hybrid kernel) which use microkernels and servers
(not to be mistaken for modules or daemons). Practically speaking, dynamically loading
modules is simply a more flexible way of handling the operating system image at
runtime — as opposed to rebooting with a different operating system image. The
modules allow easy extension of the operating systems' capabilities as
required.[3] Dynamically loadable modules incur a small overhead when compared to
building the module into the operating system image. However, in some cases, loading
modules dynamically (as-needed) helps to keep the amount of code running in kernel
space to a minimum; for example, to minimize operating system footprint for embedded
devices or with limited hardware resources. Namely, an unloaded module need not be
stored in scarce random access memory.
A monolithic kernel is a kernel where all services (file system, VFS, device drivers, etc)
as well as core functionality (scheduling, memory allocation, etc) are a tight knit group
sharing the same space.
A virtual file system (VFS) or virtual file system switch is an abstraction layer on top
of a more concrete file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to
access different types of concrete file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for
example, be used to access local and network storage devices transparently without the
client application noticing the difference. It can be used to bridge the differences
in Windows, Mac OS and Unix file systems, so that applications can access files on
local file systems of those types without having to know what type of file system they
are accessing.
A VFS specifies an interface (or a "contract") between the kernel and a concrete file
system. Therefore, it is easy to add support for new file system types to the kernel
simply by fulfilling the contract. The terms of the contract might change incompatibly
from release to release, which would require that concrete file system support be
recompiled, and possibly modified before recompilation, to allow it to work with a new
release of the operating system; or the supplier of the operating system might make
only backward-compatible changes to the contract, so that concrete file system support
built for a given release of the operating system would work with future versions of the
operating system.
How is Sabayon Linux maintained?

As Ubuntu uses some of the packages from Debian, so Sabayon receives its packages
from Gentoo.
Sabayon, when using the package manager "Entropy" is binary based. Currently
Sabayon has about 13,000 packages in Entropy. And when Sabayon is using the
package manager "Portage", it is source based. The Gentoo repository is quite huge.
Supported languages
- The DVD Editions support every language available for the respective application.
For example, starting from Sabayon Linux 3.2, we support all GNOME, KDE, Firefox
and LibreOffice language packs.
What Sabayon Linux is NOT
 It is NOT a binary-only distribution. Yes, you can install Sabayon Linux in half an
hour and have a powerful desktop under your hands. But, our current policy does
not support the idea to fork Gentoo Linux package management because users
don't like to waste time compiling. We have a clear idea; if you don't want to
compile a lot of packages just wait for the next release, because you will always
be able to:
 Update your current installation to the latest Sabayon Linux by running the
Sabayon Linux installer and choosing the Upgrade option
 Keep up to date, Sabayon Linux release cycles are very, very short. If you
just want to keep your PC secure, just use the glsa-check utility.
 It is NOT developed with politics in mind. This means that if we like an application
over another, it's just because it could work better and be closer to
our OOTB philosophy described above.
 It is NOT company-driven. We have always been users, and then developers.

That's our power and our view. We only want something that works without
Microsoft and their superficial operating system implementation!
 It is NOT Ubuntu! We don't try to mimic any other distribution, we just take the
best from each one.
Applications
The number of applications installed by default is higher for DVD editions than for
editions small enough to fit on a CD
Other applications include Adobe
Reader, Audacity, Clementine, aMSN, Celestia, Eclipse, FileZilla, GnuCash, Google
Earth, Inkscape, Kdenlive, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Sunbird,Mozilla Thunderbird, Nero
Burning ROM, Opera, Picasa, Skype, Teamviewer, VirtualBox, Vuze and Wireshark.
Games (open-source and proprietary) include Doom 3, Eternal
Lands, Nexuiz, OpenArena, Quake, Quake 2, Quake 3, Quake 4, Sauerbraten, The
Battle for Wesnoth,Tremulous, Unreal, Unreal Tournament, Urban Terror, Vendetta
Online, Warsow, Warzone 2100, Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory, World of
Padman and Xonotic.
B. Components of Sabayon Linux
Each directory listed below is described in detail in separate subsections further on in

this document.
/bin Essential command binaries

the bin directory contains several useful commands that are of use to both the system
administrator as well as non-privileged user.
/boot Static files of the boot loader
This directory contains everything required for the boot process except for configuration
files not needed at boot time (the most notable of those being those that belong to the
GRUB boot-loader) and the map installer.
/dev Device files

is the location of special or device files. It is a very interesting directory that highlights
one important aspect of the Linux filesystem - everything is a file or a directory.
/etc Host-specific system configuration
This is the nerve center of your system, it contains all system related configuration files
in here or in its sub-directories.
/lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
The /lib directory contains kernel modules and those shared library images (the C
programming code library) needed to boot the system and run the commands in the root
filesystem, ie. by binaries in /bin and /sbin. /media Mount point for removeable media
Amid much controversy and consternation on the part of system and network
administrators a directory containing mount points for removable media has now been
created. Funnily enough, it has been named /media.
/mnt Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily
This is a generic mount point under which you mount your filesystems or devices.
Mounting is the process by which you make a filesystem available to the system.
/opt Add-on application software packages
This directory is reserved for all the software and add-on packages that are not part of
the default installation. For example, StarOffice, Kylix, Netscape Communicator and
WordPerfect packages are normally found here.
/sbin Essential system binaries
Linux discriminates between 'normal' executables and those used for system
maintenance and/or administrative tasks. The latter reside either here or - the less
important ones - in /usr/sbin. Locally installed system administration programs should
be placed into /usr/local/sbin.
/srv Data for services provided by this system
contains site-specific data which is served by this system. This main purpose of
specifying this is so that users may find the location of the data files for particular
service, and so that services which require a single tree for readonly data, writable data
and scripts (such as cgi scripts) can be reasonably placed. Data that is only of interest
to a specific user should go in that users' home directory.
/tmp Temporary files
This directory contains mostly files that are required temporarily. Many programs use
this to create lock files and for temporary storage of data.
/usr Secondary hierarchy
/usr usually contains by far the largest share of data on a system. Hence, this is one of
the most important directories in the system as it contains all the user binaries, their
documentation, libraries, header files, etc.... X and its supporting libraries can be found
here.
/var Variable data
Contains variable data like system logging files, mail and printer spool directories, and
transient and temporary files.
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Sabayon Linux

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SABAYON LINUX

To the Saint Ferdinand College

of the Requirements for MIT C03

Advanced Operating System

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Structure of the OS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

2. SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SYSTEM SUPPORTED

System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Network Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

It is named after an Italian dessert, zabaione which is made from eggs.

Sabayon Linux relies on two package managers. Portage is inherited from

Version Release Date Notes

A Linux distribution (often called a distro for short) is an operating system

A Linux distribution may be described as a particular assortment of application

We all do. Sabayon is covered by the GPL license.

Who is the creator and how does he control the project?

Where does the name come from?

What are Puppy's Goals?

OS kernel used in sabayon linux

A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture where the entire operating

How is Sabayon Linux maintained?

What Sabayon Linux is NOT

 It is NOT company-driven. We have always been users, and then developers.

B. Components of Sabayon Linux

Each directory listed below is described in detail in separate subsections further on in

/bin Essential command binaries

/dev Device files

1. Jump up^ "Index of /". Tracker.sabayon.org. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

miniEdition 3.0 RC2". Forum.sabayonlinux.org. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

miniEdition 3.05". Forum.sabayonlinux.org. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

Stable Release". Forum.sabayonlinux.org. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

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